After Carroll, 1988, Nelson, 1994, and Mould, 1995-1997
<==o Torpediniformes [Torpedinoidei] (sähkörauskut; electric rays) |--o Torpedinidae [incl. Hypnidae] [Torpedinoidei] (electric rays; sähkörauskut) | |-- †Eotorpedo Paleoc. Eoc. Af. M. Eoc. Eu. | |-- †Narcopterus Eoc. Eu. | |-- Hypnos monopterygium (Shaw & Nodder, 1794) [Hypnos subnigrum Dumeril, 1852] [Hypnidae, Torpedinidae: Hypninae] | `-- Torpedo Houttuyn, 1764 [Narcobatus] ?Eoc. Eu. R. Oc. [Torpedininae] [13] `--o Narcidae [incl. Narkinidae, Narkidae] [Narcinoidei] (kuonosähkörauskut)? |-- Narcininae [Narkinidae] [N: 4/15] [M: 5/35] `-- Narkinae [Narkidae] [N: 5/9] [M: 9]
Reference(s):
- Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Frickhinger, K. A., 1995: Fossil Atlas - Fishes.
–Mergus, Publishers for Natural History and Pet Books, Hans A. Baensch, Malle, Germany, 1-1088. - Long, J. A., 1995: The Rise of Fishes: 500 million years of evolution.
–Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore & London, pp. 1-223 - Mould, B., 1995-1997: The nomenclature and distribution of the recent Elasmobranchii.
–iNet: http://ibis.nott.ac.uk/elasmobranch.html - Nelson, J. S., 1994: Fishes of the world.
–John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1994, xx-600