Mikko's Phylogeny Archive

Alligatoridae: Caimaninae – caimans, nettosuchids, and relatives

After Brochu, 1997, 1999, Salas-Gismondi et al., 2015, and Cidade, Solórzano, Rincón, Riff & Hsiou, 2017

<==o Caimaninae Brochu, 1999 [incl. Nettosuchidae Langston, 1965] (caimans; kaimaanit)
   |?- †Culebrasuchus mesoamericanus Hastings, Bloch, Jaramillo, Rincon & MacFadden, 2013; ?E.Mioc. NWSAm.
   |-- †Protocaiman peligrensis Bona, Ezcurra, Barrios & Fernandez Blanco, 2018; E.Pal. SWSAm.
   |-- †Gnatusuchus pebasensis Salas-Gismondi, Flynn, Baby, Tejada-Lara, Wesselingh & Antoine, 2015
   `--+-- †Globidentosuchus brachyrostris Scheyer, Aguilera, Delfino, Fortier, Carlini, Sánchez, Carrillo-Briceño, Quiroz & Sánchez-Villagra, 2013
      `--+--o †Eocaiman Simpson, 1933; Pal. SA
         |  |-- †E. cavernensis Simpson, 1933 [Eocaiman cavernosus Simpson, 1933 (lapsus calami?); =? †Notocaiman stromeri Ruscon, 1937]
         |  |-- †E. palaeocenicus Bona, 2007
         |  `-- †E. itaboraiensis Pinheiro, Fortier, Pol, Campos & Bergqvist, 2013 [published online 2012]
         `--+-- †Kuttanacaiman iquitosensis Salas-Gismondi, Flynn, Baby, Tejada-Lara, Wesselingh & Antoine, 2015
            `--+--+--o †Parussaurus Barbosa Rodrigues, 1892 [Dakosaurus Giebel, 1870; Dinosuchus Gervais, 1876 (Young & de Andrade, 2009)]
               |  |  |-- †P. neivensis (Mook, 1941) [Dinosuchus neivensis; Caiman neivensis]
               |  |  `--+-- †P. brasiliensis Barbosa Rodrigues, 1892 [incl.? Dakosaurus amazonicus Giebel, 1870; Dinosuchus terror Gervais, 1876]
               |  |     `-- †P. mirandai Aguilera, Riff & Bocquentin-Villanueva, 2006
               |  `--o †Nettosuchidae Langston, 1965
               |     |-- †Orthogenysuchus olseni Mook, 1924
               |     `--o †Mourasuchus Price, 1964
               |        |?- †M. nativus (Gasparini, 1985) [Carandaisuchus nativus Gasparini, 1985; =Mourasuchus arendsi Bocquentin-Villanueva, 1984 sensu Scheyer & Delfino, 2016] Mio.-Plioc. SAm.
               |        `--+--+-- †M. atopus (Langston, 1965) [Nettosuchus atopus Langston, 1965 nomen dubium]
               |           |  `-- †M. arendsi Bocquentin-Villanueva, 1984 [incl. Mourasuchus nativus (Gasparini, 1985) Scheyer & Delfino, 2016]
               |           `--+-- †M. amazonensis Price, 1964
               |              `-- †M. pattersoni Cidade, Solórzano, Rincón, Riff & Hsiou, 2017
               `--+--+-- †Necrosuchus ionensis Simpson, 1937; Pal. SA.
                  |  |-- †Tsoabichi greenriverensis Brochu, 2010
                  |  `--o Paleosuchus (kääpiökaimaanit, sileäotsakaimaanit)
                  |     |-- †P. sp. [‘Pebas’] [Salas-Gismondi, Flynn, Baby, Tejada-Lara, Wesselingh & Antoine, 2015]
                  |     |-- P. palpebrosus (Cuvier, 1807) (kääpiökaimaani, cuvierinkääpiökaimmani)
                  |     `-- P. trigonatus (Schneider, 1801) (sileäotsakaimaani, schneiderinkääpiökaimaani)
                  `--o Jacarea Gray, 1844
                     |-- †Centenariosuchus gilmorei Hastings, Bloch, Jaramillo, Rincon & MacFadden, 2013; M.Mioc. NWSAm.
                     `==o Caiman Daudin, 1802 (non? Spix, 1825) sensu lato [paraphyletic]
                        |?- †Caiman australis Bravard, 1858 [Crocodilus australis; Proalligator australis]
                        |?- †Caiman praecursor Rusconi, 1933 [Jacaretinga praecursor] L.Plioc. SAm.
                        |?- †Caiman gasparinae Bona & Carabajal, 2013
                        |?- †Caiman niteroiensis Souza Filho & Bocquetin 1991
                        |?- †Caiman paranensis Scalabrini, 1887 [Crocodilus paranensis; Proalligator paranensis; Xenosuchus paranensis; Alligator ameghinoi Rovereto, 1912; Alligator lutescens Rovereto, 1912; Xenosuchus lutescens Rovereto, 1912; Xenosuchus paranensis ameghinoi Rovereto, 1912]
                        |?- †Caiman wannlangstoni Salas-Gismondi, Flynn, Baby, Tejada-Lara, Wesselingh & Antoine, 2015
                        |?- †Caiman tremembensis Chiappe, 1988
                        |?- †Caiman venezuelensis Fortier & Rincón, 2012
                        |--+--o Caiman yacare (Daudin, 1802) (jacare)
                        |  |  |-- C. y. yacare (Daudin, 1802)
                        |  |  `-- C. y. medemi Donoso, 1974 [Bolivia, Benin]
                        |  `--o Caiman crocodilus (Linnaeus 1758) [Caiman sclerops Schneider, 1801] (silmälasikaimaani)
                        |     |-- C. c. crocodilus (Linnaeus 1758)
                        |     |-- C. c. apaporiensis Medem 1955
                        |     `--+-- C. c. fuscus (Cope 1868)
                        |        `-- C. c. chiapasus (Bocourt 1876)
                        `--+-- †Caiman lutescans (Rovereto, 1912) [Alligator lutescans Rovereto, 1912]; ?U.Mioc.-Plioc. SAm.
                           |-- †Caiman brevirostris Souza Filho, 1987
                           |--o Caiman latirostris (Daudin, 1802) Pleist.-R. SAm. (leveäkuonokaimaani)
                           |  |-- C. l. latirostris (Daudin, 1802)
                           |  `-- C. l. chacoensis Freiberg & Carvalho, 1965
                           `--o Melanosuchus Gray, 1862 (Black caimans; suokaimaanit)
                              |-- †M. fisheri Medina, 1976 [=? M. niger?]
                              `-- M. niger (Spix, 1825) [Caiman niger Spix, 1825; Champsa nigra (Spix, 1825); Alligator niger (Spix, 1825); Jacare niger (Spix, 1825); Jacaretinga niger (Spix, 1825)] (Black caiman; suokaimaani, mustakaimaani)

<==o Globidonta
   |-- Alligatorinae
   `--o Caimaninae
      |--+-- †Stangerochampsa
      |  |-- †Brachychampsa
      |  `-- †Albertochampsa
      `--+-- †Protocaiman
         `--+-- †Gnatusuchus
            `--+-- †Globidentosuchus
               `--+-- †Eocaiman + Notocaiman
                  `--+-- †Kuttanacaiman
                     `--+--+--o †Parussaurus
                        |  |  |-- †P. neivensis
                        |  |  `--+-- †P. brasiliensis
                        |  |     `-- †P. mirandai
                        |  `--o †Mourasuchus
                        |     |-- †M. nativus
                        |     `--+-- †M. amazonensis
                        |        |-- †M. atopus
                        |        `-- †M. arendsi
                        `--+--+-- †Tsoabichi greenriverensis
                           |  |-- †Necrosuchus ionensis
                           |  `--o Paleosuchus
                           |     |-- †P. sp. [‘Pebas’]
                           |     |-- P. palpebrosus
                           |     `-- P. trigonatus
                           `--o Jacarea
                              |-- †Centenariosuchus gilmorei
                              `--+?- †Caiman tremembensis
                                 |?- †Melanosuchus fisheri
                                 |--+-- Caiman latirostris
                                 |  `-- Melanosuchus niger
                                 `--+--+-- Caiman yacare
                                    |  `-- Caiman crocodilus
                                    `--+-- †Caiman brevirostris
                                       `--+-- †Caiman sp. [‘La Venta’]
                                          `-- †Caiman wannlangstoni

<==o Caimaninae
   |-- †Culebrasuchus mesoamericanus
   `--+-- †Eocaiman
      `--+-- †Tsoabichi greenriverensis
         `--+--o Paleosuchus
            |  |-- P. palpebrosus
            |  `-- P. trigonatus
            `--+-- †Parussaurus neivensis
               |-- †Centenariosuchus gilmorei
               |--+-- †Orthogenysuchus olseni
               |  `-- †Mourasuchus ssp.
               `--o Jacarea
                  |--+-- Caiman crocodilus
                  |  `-- Caiman yacare
                  `--+-- Caiman lutescens
                     |-- Caiman latirostris
                     `--o Melanosuchus
                        |-- †Melanosuchus fisheri
                        `-- Melanosuchus niger

<==o Caimaninae
   |--†Eocaiman
   `--+-- †Necrosuchus ionensis
      |--+-- †Tsoabichi greenriverensis
      |  `--o Paleosuchus
      |     |-- P. palpebrosus
      |     `-- P. trigonatus
      `--+--+--o †Parussaurus
         |  |  |-- †P. neivensis
         |  |  `-- †P. mirandai
         |  `--+-- †Orthogenysuchus olseni
         |     `-- †Mourasuchus ssp.
         `--o Jacarea
            |--+-- Caiman crocodilus
            |  `-- Caiman yacare
            `--+-- Caiman lutescens
               |-- Caiman latirostris
               `--o Melanosuchus
                  |-- †Melanosuchus fisheri
                  `-- Melanosuchus niger

<==o Caimaninae
   |--†Eocaiman
   `--+--o Paleosuchus
      |  |-- P. palpebrosus
      |  `-- P. trigonatus
      `--+--+-- †Parussaurus neivensis
         |  `--+-- †Orthogenysuchus olseni
         |     `-- †Mourasuchus ssp.
         `--o Jacarea
            |--+-- Caiman crocodilus
            |  `-- Caiman yacare
            `--+-- Caiman lutescens
               |-- Caiman latirostris
               `--o Melanosuchus
                  |-- †Melanosuchus fisheri
                  `-- Melanosuchus niger

<==o Caimaninae
   |--†Eocaiman
   `--+--o Paleosuchus
      |  |-- P. palpebrosus
      |  `-- P. trigonatus
      `--+--+-- †Parussaurus neivensis
         |  `-- †Nettosuchidae
         `--o Jacarea
            |--+-- Caiman crocodilus
            |  `-- Caiman yacare
            `--+-- Caiman latirostris
               `-- Melanosuchus niger

Reference(s):

• Aguilera, O. A., Riff, D. & Bocquentin-Villanueva, J., 2006: A new giant Purussaurus (Crocodyliformes, Alligatoridae) from the Upper Miocene Urumaco Formation, Venezuela.
  –Journal of Systematic Palaeontology: Vol. 4, #3, pp. 221-232
• Bona, P., 2007: Una nueva especie de Eocaiman Simpson (Crocodylia, Alligatoridae) del Paleoceno Inferior de Patagonia.
  –Ameghiniana: Vol. 44, #2, pp. 435-445
• Bona, P. & Carabajal, A. P., 2013: Caiman gasparinae sp. nov., a huge alligatorid (Caimaninae) from the late Miocene of Paraná, Argentina.
  –Alcheringa: An Australasian Journal of Palaeontology: Vol. 37, #4, pp. 462-473 [doi: 10.1080/03115518.2013.785335]
• Bona, P., Ezcurra, M. D., Barrios, F. & Fernandez Blanco, M. V., 2018: A new Palaeocene crocodylian from southern Argentina sheds light on the early history of caimanines.
  –Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences: Vol. 285, #1885, Art.nr. 20180843, pp. 1-6 [doi: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0843]
• Brochu, C. A., 1997: A review of "Leidyosuchus" (Crocodyliformes, Eusuchia) from the Cretaceous through Eocene of North America.
  –Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 17, #4, pp. 679-697 [doi: 10.1080/02724634.1997.10011017]
• Brochu, C. A., 1999: Phylogenetics, Taxonomy, and Historical Biogeography of Alligatoroidea.
  –Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir 6 [JVP: Vol. 19, #Suppl. #2] pp. 9-100 [doi: 10.1080/02724634.1999.10011201]
• Brochu, C. A., 2010: A New Alligatorid from the Lower Eocene Green River Formation of Wyoming and the Origin of Caimans.
  –Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 30, #4, pp. 1109-1126 [doi: 10.1080/02724634.2010.483569]
• Chiappe, L. M., 1988: Un nuevo Caiman (Crocodylia, Alligatoridae) de la Formación Tremembé (Oligoceno), Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, y su significado paleoclimático.
  –Paula-Coutiana: Vol. 3, pp. 49-66
• Cidade, G. M., Solórzano, A., Rincón, A. D., Riff, D. & Hsiou, A. S., 2017: A new Mourasuchus (Alligatoroidea, Caimaninae) from the late Miocene of Venezuela, the phylogeny of Caimaninae and considerations on the feeding habits of Mourasuchus.
  –PeerJ: Vol. 5, Art.nr. e3056, pp. 1-37 [doi: 10.7717/peerj.3056]
• Fortier, D. C. & Rincón, A. D., 2013: Pleistocene crocodylians from Venezuela, and the description of a new species of Caiman.
  –Quaternary International: Vol. 305, pp. 141-148 [doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2012.03.018]
• Fortier, D. C., De Souza-Filho, J. P., Guilherme, E., Maciente, A. A. R. & Schultz, C. L., 2014: A new specimen of Caiman brevirostris (Crocodylia, Alligatoridae) from the late Miocene of Brazil.
  –Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 34, #4, pp. 820-834 [doi: 10.1080/02724634.2014.838173]
• Hastings, A. K., Bloch, J. I., Jaramillo, C. A., Rincon, A. F. & MacFadden, B. J., 2013: Systematics and Biogeography of Crocodylians from the Miocene of Panama.
  –Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 33, #2, pp. 239-263 [doi: 10.1080/02724634.2012.713814]
• Pinheiro, A. E. P., Fortier, D. C., Pol, D., Campos, D. A. & Bergqvist, L. P., 2013: A new Eocaiman (Alligatoridae, Crocodylia) from the Itaboraí Basin, Paleogene of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
  –Historical Biology: Vol. 25, #3, pp. 327-337 [doi: 10.1080/08912963.2012.705838]
• Salas-Gismondi, R., Flynn, J. J., Baby, P., Tejada-Lara, J. V., Wesselingh, F. P. & Antoine, P.-O., 2015: A Miocene hyperdiverse crocodylian community reveals peculiar trophic dynamics in proto-Amazonian mega-wetlands.
  –Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences: Vol. 282, #1804, Art.nr. 20142490, pp. (1-10) [doi: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2490]
• Scheyer, T. M., Aguilera, O. A., Delfino, M., Fortier, D. C., Carlini, A. A., Sánchez, R., Carrillo-Briceño, J. D., Quiroz, L. & Sánchez-Villagra, M. R., 2013: Crocodylian diversity peak and extinction in the late Cenozoic of the northern Neotropics.
  –Nature Communications: Vol. 4, Art.nr. 1907, pp. (1-9) [doi: 10.1038/ncomms2940]
• Scheyer, T. M. & Delfino, M., 2016: The late Miocene caimanine fauna (Crocodylia: Alligatoroidea) of the Urumaco Formation, Venezuela.
  –Palaeontologia Electronica: Art.nr. 19.3.48A, pp. 1-57 [http://palaeo-electronica.org/content/2016/1625-caimanines-from-urumaco-formation
• Young, M. T. & de Andrade, M. B., 2009: What is Geosaurus? Redescription of Geosaurus giganteus (Thalattosuchia: Metriorhynchidae) from the Upper Jurassic of Bayern, Germany.
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