“Primitive Land-bird Assemblage”

After Olson, 1985, Feduccia, 1980, 1996 and Ericson, 1996

Alternative phylogeny modified to accommodate Hughes, 2000.

<==o "The Land-bird Assemblage"
   |?- Cariamae Fürbringer, 1888 (Seriemas, phorusrhacids and relatives; käärmekurkimaiset nykylinnut) [possibly paraphyletic? (Olson, 1985)]
   `--+?- †Foro panarium [Foratidae]
      `--+?-o Opisthocomidae [Opisthocomiformes] (haisulinnut)
         |  |?- †Hoatzi sp.
         |  |-- †Hoazinoides magdalenae Miller, A.H., 1953
         |  `-- Opisthocomus hoazin (töyhtökana, haisulintu)
         |?-+?- Musophagidae [Musophagiformes] (turakot)
         |  `?- Accipitridae [Accipitriformes] (haukat)
         `--+?- Falconidae [Falconiformes] (jalohaukat)
            `--+?- Cuculiformes (käkilinnut)
               `--+?-o Pandionidae (sääkset, kalasääsket)
                  |  |?- †Pandionidae genera et species indet. aff. Pandion [Fayum, Egypt] [Rasmussen, Olson & Simons, 1987]
                  |  `--o Pandion Savigny, 1809 (sääkset, kalasääsket)
                  |     |-- †P. lovensis Becker, 1985
                  |     |-- †P. homalopteron Warter, 1976
                  |     `--+-- †P. sp. [Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina] [Olson & Rasmussen, 2001]
                  |        `-- P. haliaetus (Linneus, 1758) (sääksi, kalasääski)
                  |?-o Sagittariidae (sihteerilinnut)
                  |  |--o †Pelargopappus
                  |  |  |-- †P. schlosseri
                  |  |  `-- †P. magnus
                  |  `-- Sagittarius serpentarius (J.F. Miller, 1779) Hermann, 1783 (secretary bird; sihteeri)
                  `-- Anomalogonatae Garrod, 1874

Note:

This tree is collective tree based on works of Feduccia (1980, 1997) and Olson (1985). As such this is a deductive phylogeny, not a true analysis. In their opinion, most orders at the base of primitive landbird radiation are actually paraphyletic, and monophyletic groups are only recognizably at family-level, if at all.

Hughes (2000) has presented a recent phylogenetic analysis of Cuculidae (cockoos). In this work she uses a monophyletic Musophagiformes [Musophagidae + Ophistocomidae] as outgroup.

Reference(s):

Feduccia, A., 1980: The Age of Birds.
–Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England, 1980, IX-196
Feduccia, A., 1997: The Origin and Evolution of Birds.
–Yale University Press, New Haven, 1996, x-420
Hughes, J. M. 2000: Monophyly and phylogeny of cockoos (Aves, Cuculidae) inferred from the osteological characters.
–Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: vol. 130, #2?, pp. 263-307.
Lokki, J., Jännes, H. & Nikander, P. J., 1990: Otavan lintutieto. 1-440
–Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava, Helsinki, Finland, 1992
Translated from: Perrins, C. M. (ed.), 1990: The Illustrated encyclopaedia of birds.
–Headline Book Publishing Plc., London, England, 1990
Olson, S. L., 1985: The fossil record of birds. 79-239.
in Farner, D., King, J. & Parkes, K. (eds.), 1985: Avian Biology. vol VIII.
–Academic Press, New York. 1985.
Olson, S. L. & Rasmussen, P. D., 2001: Miocene and Pliocene birds from the Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina. 233-365
in Ray, C. E. & Bohaska, D. J., (eds.) 2001: Geology and paleontology of the Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina, III.
–Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology: No. 90, iii-365
Peterson, A. P., 2002-2004: Zoonomen Nomenclatural data of Birds. (Updated: 2004-12-24)
–iNet: Zoonomen Nomenclatural data: http://www.zoonomen.net/avtax/frame.html; [visited: 2005-01-21]
Rasmussen, D. T., Olson, S. L. & Simons, E. L., 1987: Fossil birds from the Oligocene Jebel Quatrani Formation, Fayum Province, Egypt.
–Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology: No. 62, pp. iv-20
Sibley, C. G. & Monroe, B. L., 1990: Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world.
–Yale University Press, New Haven & London, 1990. xxiv-1111.
Warter, S. L., 1976: A new osprey from the Miocene of California (Falconiformes: Pandionidae). 133-146
in Olson, S. L. (ed.), 1976: Collected papers in avian phylogeny honoring the 90th birthday of Alaxander Wetmore.
–Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology: No. 27, xxvi-211

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