After Carroll, 1988, Nelson, 1994, and McLennan & Mattern, 2001 with Recent species from Froese & Pauly, 2001 [“The Fishbase”]
<==o Gasterosteidae (piikkikalat) [5/7] |-- Spinachia spinachia (Linnaeus, 1758) (vaskikala; Sea stickleback) `--+-- Apeltes quadracus (Mitchill, 1815) (Fourspine stickleback) `--+--o Gasterosteus [Meriamella] U. Mioc. R. NA. R. Eu. U. Mioc. R. As. NAf. (kolmipiikit) [3] | |-- †G. doryssus | |-- †G. sp. | |--o G. aculaetus Linnaeus, 1758 (kolmipiikki) | | |-- G. a. aculeatus Linnaeus, 1758 (Three-spined stickleback) | | |-- G. a. microcephalus Girard, 1854 | | |-- G. a. santaeannae Regan, 1909 (Santa Ana stickleback) | | `-- G. a. williamsoni Girard, 1854 (Unarmored threespine stickleback) | |-- G. crenobiontus Bacescu & Mayer, 1956 | `-- G. wheatlandi Putnam, 1867 (Blackspotted stickleback) `--+-- Culaea inconstans (Kirtland, 1841) (Brook stickleback) `--o Pungitius [Gastrosteops] Plioc. R. NA. R. As. NAf. (kymmenpiikit) [5] |-- P. hellenicus Stephanidis, 1971 |-- P. laevis (Cuvier, 1829) (Smoothtail ninespine stickleback) |--o P. platygaster (Kessler, 1859) (keskiaasiankymmenpiikki; Southern ninespine stickleback) | |-- P. p. platygaster (Kessler, 1859) (Southern ninespine stickleback) | `-- P. p. aralensis (Kessler, 1877) (Aral stickleback) |--o P. pungitius (Linnaeus, 1758) (kymmenpiikki; Ninespine stickleback) | |-- P. p. pungitius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Ninespine stickleback) | `-- P. p. tymensis Nikolskii, 1889 [P. tymensis] (japaninkymmenpiikki; Sakhalin stickleback) |--o P. sinensis (aasiankymmenpiikki) | |-- P. s. kaibarae (Tanaka, 1915) | `-- P. s. sinensis (Guichenot, 1869) (Amur stickleback) `?- P. occidentalis (amerikankymmenpiikki)
Reference(s):
- Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Frickhinger, K. A., 1995: Fossil Atlas – Fishes.
–Mergus – Publishers for Natural History and Pet Books, Hans A. Baensch, Malle, Germany, 1-1088. - Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds), 2001: FishBase.
–iNet: www.fishbase.org - Lahti, S., Malmström, K. K., Koli, L., Leikola, A., Syrjämäki, J. & Lahti, J., 1980: Zoo, Suuri Eläinkirja 5: Kalat, sammakkoeläimet, matelijat.
–Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö, Porvoo-Helsinki-Juva, 1980.
Original work [in French]: Beauté Du Monde Animal: IX Reptiles/Amphibiens & X Poissons.
–Rizzoli Editore, Milano, 1968 - McLennan, D. A. & Mattern, M. Y., 2001: The phylogeny of the Gasterosteidae: Combining behavioral and morphological data sets.
–Cladistics: Vol. 17, #1, pp. 11-27 - Nelson, J. S., 1994: Fishes of the world.
–John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1994, xx-600