After Carroll, 1988, and Nelson, 1994, with Recent species from Froese & Pauly, 2001 [“The Fishbase”]
<==o Beloniformes (nokkakalat) |-- Adrianichthyidae [Adrianichthyoidei] (nokkahammaskarpit) `--o Belonoidei [Exocoetoidei] |--o Scomberesocoidea | |--o †Forficidae | | |-- †Forfex Mioc. NA. | | `-- †Zelotichthys [Selota; Zelotes] Mioc. NA. | |-- Belonidae (nokkakalat) [paraphyletic sensu Lovejoy & Collette, 2001] | `--o Scomberesocidae (makrillihauet; sauries) [Nelson: 4 genera, 4 species] [Fishbase: 4/4] | |-- †Praescomberesox Eoc. Olig. NA. | |-- †Scomberersus Mioc. NA. | |--+-- Elassichthys adocetus (Böhlke, 1951) (Saury) | | `-- Cololabis saira (Brevoort, 1856) (Pacific saury) | `--+-- Nanichthys simulans Hubbs & Wisner, 1980 (Dwarf saury) | `--o Scomberesox Mioc. Eu. NA. Plioc. NAf. R. Oc. [1 recent species] | `--o S. saurus (Walbaum, 1792) (makrillihauki; Atlantic saury) | |-- S. s. saurus (Walbaum, 1792) Atlantic saury | `-- S. s. scombroides (Richardson, 1842) King gar `--o Exocoetoidea [Synnentognathi] (liitokalamaiset nokkakala) |-- Exocoetidae (liitokalat) `-- Hemiramphidae (puolinokkakalat)
Reference(s):
- Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Froese, R. & Pauly, D. (eds), 2001: FishBase.
–iNet: www.fishbase.org -
Lahti, S., Malmström, K. K., Koli, L., Leikola, A., Syrjämäki, J. & Lahti, J., 1980:
Zoo, Suuri Eläinkirja 5: Kalat, sammakkoeläimet, matelijat.
--Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö, Porvoo-Helsinki-Juva, 1980.
Original work [in French]: Beauté Du Monde Animal: IX Reptiles/Amphibiens & X Poissons.
Rizzoli Editore, Milano 1968 - Lovejoy, N. R. & Collette, B. B., 2001: Phylogenetic relationships of New World needlefishes (Teleostei: Belonidae) and the biogeography of transitionsbetween marine and freshwater habitats.
–Copeia: Vol. 101, #2, pp. 324-338 - Nelson, J. S., 1994: Fishes of the world.
–John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 1994, xx-600