After Cannatella, Ford & Bockstanz, 1995-2003 ["The Tree of Life"], Frost, 2000, Borsuk-Bialynicka & Evans, 2002, Haas, 2003, and Frost et al, 2006
<==o Salientia Laurenti, 1768 sensu Ford & Cannatella, 1993 (frogs and toads; sammakot) |-- †Triadobatrachus massinoti Kuhn, 1962 [Protobatrachus Piveteau, 1936] `--+-- †Czatkobatrachus polonicus Evans & Borsuk-Bialynicka, 1998 `--o AnuraFischer von Waldheim, 1813 sensu Ford & Cannatella, 1993 [taxonomic history] (recent frogs and toads; nykysammakot) |?- †Nezpercius dodsoni Blob, Carrano, Rogers, Forster & Espinosa, 2001; U. Cret. NA. |--o †Notobatrachidae [taxonomic history] | |-- †Prosalirus bitis Shubin & Jenkins, 1995 [Prosaliridae] | `--o †Notobatrachus Reig, 1956 | |-- †N. degiustoi Reig, 1956 | `-- †N. reigi Báez & Nicoli, 2008 `--+-- †Vieraella herbstii Reig, 1961 [Vieraellidae] `--+-- †Mesophryne beibiaoensis Gao & Wang, 2001 `--o Leiopelmatanura Ford & Cannatella, 1993 [Anura sensu Frost et al., 2006] |?- †Theatonius lancensis Fox, 1976 |-- Leiopelmatidae Mivart, 1869 [taxonomic history] (kantasammakot) `--o Lalagobatrachia Frost et al., 2006 [taxonomic history] |?- †Enneabatracus hechti Evans & Milner, 1993 |--o Xenoanura Savage, 1973 [taxonomic history] | |?- †Gobiatidae Rocek & Nesov, 1993 | |-- Rhinophrynidae Günther, 1859 “1858” | `--o Pipimorpha Ford & Cannatella, 1993 | |?- †Avitabatrachus uliana Baez, Trueb & Calvo, 2000 | |?- †Shomronella jordanica Estes et al., 1978 | |-- †Cordicephalus gracilis Nevo, 1968 | `--+-- †Palaeobatrachidae Cope, 1865 | `--+-- †Thoraciliacus rostriceps Nevo, 1968 | `-- Pipidae Gray, 1825 `--o Sokolanura Frost et al., 2006 |--o Costata Lataste, 1879 sensuFrost et al., 2006 [taxonomic history] | |-- †Callobatrachus sanyanensis Wang & Gao, 1999 | `--+--o †Eodiscoglossus Villalta, 1957 | | |?- ?†E. sp. [Hateg Basin, Romania] [Folie & Codrea, 2005] | | |-- †E. oxoniensis Evans et al., 1990 | | `-- †E. santonjae Villalta, 1957 | `--+-- Alytidae Fitzinger, 1843 [taxonomic history] | `-- Bombinatoridae Gray, 1825 [taxonomic history] `--o Acosmanura Sawage, 1973 |--o Anomoceola Nicholls, 1916 | |?- †Miopelobates Wettstein-Westersheimb, 1955 [Pelobates] | |?- †Eopelobatidae [Eopelobatinae, incl. Gobiatidae Rocek & Nesov, 1993] | |--o Pelodytoidea Bonaparte, 1850 | | |-- Scaphiopodidae Cope, 1865 | | `-- Pelodytidae Bonaparte, 1850 | `--o Pelobatoidea Bonaparte, 1850 | |-- Pelobatidae Bonaparte, 1850 | `-- MegophryidaeMegophryidae Bonaparte, 1850 [taxonomic history] `--+-- †Cratia gracilis Báez, Moura & Gómez, 2009 `-- Neobatrachia Reig, 1958 (“higher” frogs; uussammakot)
Reference(s):
- Báez, A. M., Moura, G. J. B. & Gómez, R. O., 2009: Anurans from the Lower Cretaceous Crato Formation of northeastern Brazil: implications for the early divergence of neobatrachians.
–Cretaceous Research: Vol. 30, #4, pp. 829-846 [doi: 10.1016/j.cretres.2009.01.002] - Blob, R. W., Carrano, M. T., Rogers, R. R., Forster, C. A. & Espinosa, N. R., 2001: A new fossil frog from the Upper Cretaceous Judith River Formation of Montana.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 21, #1, pp. 190-194 - Borsuk-Bialynicka, M. & Evans, S. E., 2002:
The scapulocoracoid of an Early Triassic stem-frog from Poland.
–Acta Palaeontologica Polonica: Vol. 47, #1, pp. 79-96 - Cannatella, D., Ford, L. & Bockstanz, L., 1995-2003: Salientia – Frogs and toads.
–iNet: The Tree of Life Project: http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Salientia&contgroup=Living_amphibians - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L. 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Estes, R. & Sanch´cz, B., 1982: New discoglossid and palaeobatracid frogs from the Late Cretaceous of Wyoming and Montana, and a review of other frogs from the Lance and Hell Creek Formations.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: vol. 2, #1,, pp. 9-20 - Frost, D. R., 2000: Amphibian species of the World: An Online Reference.
–iNet: American Museum of Natural History, Department of Herpetology: http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html - Frost, D. R., Grant, T., Faivovich, J., Bain, R. H., Haas, A., Haddad, C. F. B., de Sá, R. O., Channing, A., Wilkinson, M., Donnellan, S. C., Raxworthy, C. J., Campbell, J. A., Blotto, B. L., Moler, P., Drewes, R. C., Nussbaum, R. A., Lynch, J. D., Green, D. M. & Wheeler, W. C., 2006: The amphibian tree of life.
–Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History: #297, pp. 1-370 - Gao, K.-Q. & Chen, S., 2004: A new frog (Amphibia: Anura) from the Lower Cretaceous of western Liaoning, China.
–Cretaceous Research: Vol. 25, pp. 761-769 - Gao, K.-Q. & Wang, Y., 2001: Mesozoic anurans from Liaoning Province, China, and phylogenetic relationships of archaeobatrachian anuran clades.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 21, #3, pp. 460-476 - Haas, A., 2003: Phylogeny of frogs as inferred from primary larval characters (Amphibia: Anura).
–Cladistics: Vol. 19, #1, pp. 23-89 - Jenkins, F. A. Jr. & Shubin, N. H., 1998: Prosalirus bitis and the anuran caudopelvic mechanism.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 18, #3, pp. 495-510 - Shishkin, M. A., 2000: Mezosoic amphibians from Mongolia and the Central Asiatic republics. 297-308
in Benton, M. J., Shishkin, M. A., Unvin, D. M. & Kurochkin, E. N., (eds.) 2000: The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia.
–Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000 xxxix-696 - Shubin, N. H. & Jenkins, F. A. Jr., 1995: An Early Jurassic jumping frog.
–Nature: Vol. 377, 7 September, pp. 49-52
–iNet: The Tree of Life Project: http://tolweb.org/