Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold (2013)

Cochrane review 
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc8078152/
doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000980.pub4   

by Harri Hemilä Elizabeth Chalker 

A brief but relevant summary of the Cochrane review: PLoS Med 2005
Another short review on vitamin C and the Common Cold: Trend Immunol 2003



A 2025 review on vitamin C for the common cold:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39803741

A 2023 meta-analysis on vitamin C and severity of colds:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38082300



See Discussion of the Cochrane review in:
https://hdl.handle.net/10138/228088
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244785237
https://doi.org/10.1002/ebch.261
https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/H/2008_L_EBCH.pdf





In 2016 we updated the review, and the updated review is available here:
https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/CC/CochraneColds_2016.pdf


Cochrane Collaboration rejected
the 2016 update for reasons that are not related to the scientific validity of the review.
Our responses to the comments of
Nuala Livingstone and Toby Lasserson (Cochrane Central Editorial Unit) are available here:
https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/CC/CEU_responses.pdf
There are 43 responses by us and 27 of the are related to reporting and do not challenge the validity of our review.
Some comments reveal that Nuala Livingstone and Toby Lasserson did not properly read our update, see eg pages 9, 14, 19-21.

We also received comments from Mark Jones from the Cochrane Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI) group, and our responses to his comments are here:
https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/CC/MarkJones_responses.pdf

Before those two comments, we had received two comments from Cochrane ARI group editors, and our responses to his comments are here:
https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/CC/ARI_July2016_responses.pdf
https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/CC/ARI_Oct2016_responses.pdf
In the July 2016 comments, we followed 18 of the 28 instructions and asked for clarifications for 9 comments, since the ARI comments were not always clear.
In the Oct 2016 there were 20 new comments and we followed 12 instructions and had a few questions for clarifications.

The rejection decision in February 2017 by Chris Del Mar did not point out any specific scientific reasons for the rejection:
https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/CC/ChrisDelMar_2017_comments.pdf

None of the above comments pointed out any genuine scientific problems in our 2016 update; please, read the comments and responses yourself.



References available via net:

Contents

  1. Included trials

  2. Excluded trials

  3. Other references

Harri Hemil?
Department of Public Health
University of Helsinki,  Helsinki, Finland
harri.hemila@helsinki.fi
  https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila
Feb 7, 2025

Papers on vitamin C and the common cold:

https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/vitc_colds.htm

The impact of
Linus Pauling in the initiation of the series of
controlled trials in the 1970s: see a brief summary with links at:
 https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/pauling 


For the problems in flawed meta-analyses and reviews
on vitamin C and the common cold, see summaries at:
https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/flawed_vitC_colds.htm 


Included trials

Abbott 1968 ch  Abbott 1968 bm   Abbott 1968 PubMed


Anderson TW, Reid DB, Beaton GH. Vitamin C and the common cold: a double-blind trial. Can Med Assoc J. 1972; 107: 503-508.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1940935
https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/CC/Anderson_1972_ch.pdf

Correction 1.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1941144

Correction 2.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1941189

Comments.
Spero LM, Anderson TW. Letter: Ascorbic acid and common colds. Br Med J. 1973; 4(5888): 354.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.4.5888.354-b
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1587404



https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1931101

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1940927



Pauling’s comments:
https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/18/18-099.html
https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/18/18-100.html
https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/18/18-101.html



Terence Anderson was the most important researcher on vitamin C and the common cold, as he carried out three RCTs in early 1970s.

Therefore, his summaries of the findings are particularly relevant:

Anderson TW. Large-scale trials of vitamin C. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1975; 258: 498-504.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb29308.x
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1106301
https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/CC/Anderson_1975_AnnNY.pdf

Anderson TW. Vitamin therapy: too much or too little? Can Fam Physician. 1975; 21: 65-68.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2274569

Anderson TW. Large scale studies with vitamin C. Acta Vitaminol Enzymol. 1977; 31(1-5): 43-50.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14672005
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/350027

Anderson TW. New horizons for vitamin C. Nutrition Today 1977; 12(1): 6-13.
https://journals.lww.com/nutritiontodayonline/citation/1977/01000/new_horizons_for_vitamin_c.3

Anderson TW. Vitamin C: cure for the common cold? Am Pharm. 1979; 19: 46-48.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-3450(15)32756-2

Anderson TW. Vitamin C and the common cold. J Med Soc N J. 1979; 76(11): 765-766.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14672473
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/291727

Anderson TW. Vitamin C and the common cold. N Y State J Med. 1979; 79(8): 1292-1293.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14672763
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/287927



Anderson TW, Suranyi G, Beaton GH. The effect on winter illness of large doses of vitamin C. Can Med Assoc J. 1974; 111: 31-36.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1947567
https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/CC/Anderson_1974_ch.pdf

Pauling’s comments:
https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/18/18-121.html
https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/18/18-122.html



Anderson TW, Beaton GH, Corey P, Spero L. Winter illness and vitamin C: the effect of relatively low doses. Can Med Assoc J. 1975; 112: 823-826.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC1958969
https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/CC/Anderson_1975_ch.pdf




Asfora 1977 Doi   

Audera 2001_Doi
  Audera 2001 PubMed


Bancalari 1984 Translation   
   Bancalari 1984 PubMed   Bancalari 1984 in Spanish ch   Bancalari 1984 in Spanish bm
https://www.academia.edu/89820861
https://www.academia.edu/69787592

Briggs 1984 ch   Briggs 1984 bm       Briggs 1984 Reference List


Brown 1945
https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.50.3.161
https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/CC/Brown_1945_bm.pdf
        Manwaring 1945 commentary

  Carillo 2008 Doi     Carillo 2008 PubMed     

Carr 1981_Doi  Carr 1981    Carr 1981 PubMed     Carr 1981 ch    Carr 1981 bm     
   Carr 1981 MJA Doi   Carr 1981 MJA ch    Carr 1981 MJA bm    Carr 1981 MJA PubMed
   Carr 1981 Clin Chem    Carr 1981 Clin Chem PubMed
   Martin 1982

Carson 1975 Doi   Carson 1975 PubMed     Carson 1975 ch    Carson 1975 bm
   Carson 1974 BMJ letter PMC   Carson 1974 BMJ letter BMJ   Carson 1974 ch

Charleston 1972 Doi    Charleston 1972 PubMed    Charleston 1972 ch   Charleston 1972 bm
    Clegg 1974 Doi    Clegg 1974 ch   Clegg 1974 bm   Clegg 1974 PubMed
    See inclusion in the meta-analysis of UK trials in  Hemilä
1997a 

Clegg 1975 Doi   Clegg 1975 PubMed 
    Clegg 1975 Abstract pp 7A-8A doi  
     See inclusion in the meta-analysis of UK trials in  Hemilä
1997a 


Constantini 2011
https://hdl.handle.net/10138/228085
https://www.academia.edu/17790460
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-010-1270-z


Coulehan 1974 Doi   Coulehan 1974 ch   Coulehan 1974 bm     Coulehan 1974 PubMed
     Coulehan 1975 AnnNY    Coulehan 1975 PubMed

Coulehan 1976 Doi    Coulehan 1976 ch     Coulehan 1976 bm     Coulehan 1976 PubMed
    Coulehan 1977 Letter NEJM




Cowan DW, Diehl HS, Baker AB. Vitamins for the prevention of colds. JAMA. 1942;120(16):1268-71.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14674396
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1942.02830510006002

Pauling’s comments:
https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/31/31-096.html
https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/31/31-097.html
https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/31/31-098.html
https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/31/31-099.html
https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/31/31-100.html
https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/31/31-101.html
https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/33/33-029.html




Cowan 1950 Doi   Cowan 1950 ch      Cowan 1950 bm    Cowan 1950 PubMed


Dahlberg 1944 Doi  Dahlberg 1944 ch   Dahlberg 1944 bm 

Pauling’s comments:
https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/33/33-023.html
https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/33/33-024.html
https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/33/33-025.html
https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/33/33-026.html
https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/33/33-027.html
https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/33/33-028.html
https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/33/33-029.html



Dick 1990 ch     Dick 1990 bm
    Mink 1988 ch     Mink 1988 bm
    Shult 1990 ch     Shult 1990 bm
    Jennings 1990 bm


Elliott 1973 Doi  

Pauling’s comments:
https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/18/18-091.html
https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/18/18-092.html
https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/18/18-095.html
https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/18/18-096.html


Elwood 1976 Doi   Elwood 1976 PMC  Elwood 1976 Jstor  Elwood 1976 ch    Elwood 1976 PubMed 
    See inclusion in the meta-analysis of UK trials in  Hemilä
1997a 

Elwood 1977 ch    Elwood 1977 bm    Elwood 1977 PubMed

Franz 1956 Doi    Franz 1956 ch    Franz 1956 bm   Franz 1956 PubMed

Himmelstein 1996  Sedentary participants are included  Himmelstein 1996
Himmelstein 1998  Sedentary participants are included  Himmelstein 1998 html copy    Himmelstein 1998 pdf copy
https://www.academia.edu/66783857

Johnston 2014 Doi   Johnston 2014 PubMed    Johnston 2014 PMC
     Johnston 2014 Abstract
     Osterday 2011 MSc thesis    Other

Karlowski 1975 Doi   Karlowski 1975 ch    Karlowski 1975 bm     Karlowski 1975 PubMed
        Additional data published in Lewis 1975 Doi    Lewis 1975 ch    Lewis 1975 PubMed
        See a re-analysis of the Karlowski trial by Hemilä 1996
        and analysis of dose dependency in  Hemilä 1999a   and Hemilä2022
        See comments on the re-analysis by Chalmers (1996) and reply to Chalmers by Hemilä(1996)
        See further statistical comments of the Karlowski trial in  Hemilä 2006 Stat Med   Hemilä 2006 Stat Med
        As to the particular influence of the Karlowski RCT, see Hemilä2022


Liljefors 1972 Translation     Liljefors 1972 PubMed 
     Liljefors 1972 ch Swedish    Liljefors 1972 bm Swedish 

Ludvigsson 1977 Doi  Ludvigsson 1977 ch   Ludvigsson 1977 bm    Ludvigsson 1977 PubMed
https://www.academia.edu/69567236

Miller 1977 Doi    Miller 1977 ch  Miller 1977 bm   Miller 1977 PubMed 
       Discussion1   Discussion2
      Miller 1978 ch    Miller 1978 bm   Miller 1978 PubMed

Moolla 1996     Moolla 1996 University of Cape Town   Moolla 1996


Peters 1993 Doi       Peters 1993 PubMed
   Peters 1994 Letter AJCN     Peters 1994 Letter


Peters 1996
https://doi.org/10.17159/2078-516X/1996/v3i1a914
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13912478
Peters 1996 ch        Peters 1996 bm


Pitt 1979 Doi   Pitt 1979 ch    Pitt 1979 bm   Pitt 1979 PubMed 
https://www.academia.edu/78271637
    See inclusion in the meta-analysis of pneumonia trials in Hemilä 2013 

Regnier 1968 Doi   Regnier 1968 ch    Regnier 1968 bm   Regnier 1968 PubMed

Ritzel 1961 Translation    Ritzel  1961 PubMed
  Ritzel 1961 in German ch    Ritzel 1961 in German bm
  Ritzel 1976 letter Doi       Ritzel 1976 Letter ch    Ritzel 1976  PubMed 
  Ritzel biography  
  Pauling NB 33 30        Pauling NB 33 33    


Sasazuki 2006 Doi   Sasazuki 2006 PubMed

Sabiston 1974_Doi   Sabiston 1974 ch    Sabiston 1974 bm   ( Sabiston 1974 DRDSSabiston 1974 Abstract  


Schenuert 1949
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10932392
Scheunert 1949 ch   Scheunert 1949 bm

Schwartz 1973 Doi   Schwartz 1973 ch     Schwartz 1973 bm   Schwartz 1973 PubMed


Tebrock 1956 Doi     Tebrock 1956 ch   Tebrock 1956 bm  Tebrock 1956 PubMed

Tyrrell 1977 Doi     Tyrrell 1977 PMC  Tyrrell 1977 Jstor  Tyrrell 1977 ch   Tyrrell 1977 PubMed  
    See meta-analysis of UK trials in Hemilä 1997a and sex-vitamin C interaction in Hemila 2008

Van Straten 2002 Doi   Van Straten 2002 PubMed

Walker 1967 Doi  Walker 1967 PubMed  Walker 1967 PMC   Walker 1967 ch


Wilson 1969 ch  Wilson 1969 bm (Abstract)
Wilson 1973 Eur J Clin Pharmacol 6;(3):196-202  Wilson 1973 PubMed
Wilson 1973 Eur J Clin Pharmacol 6;(1):26-32      Wilson 1973 PubMed
Wilson 1973 Lancet 301:638-41 (Duplicate publication)     Wilson 1973 Pubmed
Summary of the trial in  Wilson 1975 Ann NY Acad Sci  Wilson 1975 Ann NY Acad Sci      Wilson 1975 Ann NY Acad Sci
Comments in:  Kinlen L, Peto R (1973) Lancet 301:944 ** reply in  (1973);301:1058-9 
  




Excluded trials

Baird 1979 DOI   Baird 1979 PubMed
    See meta-analysis of UK trials in Hemilä 1997a  and sex-vitamin C interaction in Hemila 2008



Barnes 1961 ch     Barnes 1961 bm    Barnes 1961 PubMed


Bartley 1953 (The Sheffield study)

Hemilä H. Effect of vitamin C deprivation on the duration of colds in the Sheffield study (1953): a statistical analysis. Zenodo, 2025. [Reanalysis of the common cold data]
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14717360

Vitamin C requirement of human adults. Spec Rep Ser Med Res Counc (GB). 1953;280:1-179.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13119061

Krebs HA. The Sheffield experiment on the vitamin C requirement of human adults. Proc Nutr Soc. 1953;12(3):237-46.
https://doi.org/10.1079/PNS19530054

Introduction; Historical Account; Case Reports; References. In: Vitamin C requirement of human adults. Spec Rep Ser Med Res Counc (GB). 1953;280:1-8,73-88,176-9.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7661782





Bendel 1955 Translation    Bendel 1955 PubMed

Bessel-Lorck 1959 Translation
   Bessel-Lorck 1959 in German ch     Bessel-Lorck 1959 in German bm

Boines 1956 ch  Boines 1956 bm   Boines 1956 PubMed

Chavance 1993 ch   Chavance 1993 PubMed

Dyllick 1967 Translation  

Fogelholm 1998 Abstract, see p 16A


Glazebrook AJ, Thomson S. The administration of vitamin C in a large institution and its effect on general health and resistance to infection. J Hyg (Lond). 1942;42:1-19.
https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022172400012596
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2199803

Related papers:
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2239225 [Description of the trial]
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2162337
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2164503
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2164703
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2210931
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2286225
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14609923

Pauling’s comments:
https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/31/31-103.html
https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/33/33-034.html
https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/33/33-035.html

 
    See inclusion in the meta-analysis of UK trials in  Hemilä 1997a 
    See inclusion in the meta-analysis of pneumonia trials in Hemilä 2013 


Gormly 1977 Doi   Gormly 1977 PubMed

Gorton 1999 Doi   Gorton 1999 PubMed

Himmelstein 1996  Marathon runners are excluded  Himmelstein 1996
Himmelstein 1998  Marathon runners are excluded  Himmelstein 1998 html copy    Himmelstein 1998 pdf copy

Hunt_1994    Hunt 1994 ch     Hunt 1994 bm     Hunt 1994 PubMed
    See inclusion in the meta-analysis of pneumonia trials in Hemilä 2013 

Jain 2002 Doi

Kimbarowski 1967 translation  
    Kimbarowski 1967 German ch    Kimbarowski 1967 German bm    Kimbarowski 1967 PubMed
    See inclusion in the meta-analysis of pneumonia trials in Hemilä 2013 

Koytchev 2003 PubMed

Maggini 2012 Doi    Maggini 2012 pdf    Maggini 2012 PubMed

Masek 1974 PubMed

Niemi 1951 Abstract in English   Niemi 1951

Pico Sirvent 2013 Poster.pdf

Renker 1954 Translation   Renker 1954 PubMed

Schmidt 2011 PubMed








Other Citations in Cochrane Review

Akaike 2001 Doi


Anderson TW. Large scale studies with vitamin C. Acta Vitaminol Enzymol. 1977; 31(1-5): 43-50.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14672005
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/350027

Other reviews by Anderson:

Anderson TW. Large-scale trials of vitamin C. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1975; 258: 498-504.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1975.tb29308.x
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1106301
https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/CC/Anderson_1975_AnnNY.pdf

Anderson TW. Vitamin therapy: too much or too little? Can Fam Physician. 1975; 21: 65-68.
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2274569

Anderson TW. New horizons for vitamin C. Nutrition Today 1977; 12(1): 6-13.
https://journals.lww.com/nutritiontodayonline/citation/1977/01000/new_horizons_for_vitamin_c.3
https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/CC/Anderson_1977_NutToday.pdf

Anderson TW. Vitamin C: cure for the common cold? Am Pharm. 1979; 19: 46-48.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-3450(15)32756-2
https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/CC/Anderson_1979.pdf

Anderson TW. Vitamin C and the common cold. J Med Soc N J. 1979; 76(11): 765-766.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14672473
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/291727

Anderson TW. Vitamin C and the common cold. N Y State J Med. 1979; 79(8): 1292-1293.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14672763
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/287927




Anderson 2008 DOI

Balk 2002 Doi
Bee 1980 Doi   Bee 1980 bm    Bee 1980 PubMed 
Briggs 1984 Ref List

Campbell 1975 Doi     Campbell 1975 ch     Campbell 1975 PubMed

Carpenter KJ. The History of Scurvy and Vitamin C. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1986.
https://www.cambridge.org/fi/academic/subjects/history/history-medicine/history-scurvy-and-vitamin-c
https://archive.org/details/historyofscurvyv0000carp
https://archive.org/details/historyofscurvyv0000carp_l0m0

Book reviews:
https://doi.org/10.1086/354301
https://doi.org/10.2307/204671
https://doi.org/10.1038/324177a0
https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/92.4.927
https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/117.3.599
https://doi.org/10.3138/cbmh.4.2.198
https://doi.org/10.1093/jhmas/42.3.386
https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.1330770314
https://doi.org/10.1002/food.19880320246
https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007087400024602
https://doi.org/10.1177/027046769001000241
https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-6599(88)90148-9
https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1987.03390130133051
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc1139720
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc1491777
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc2589114
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc5379445


Castro 2006 Doi
Cathcart 1981 Doi    Cathcart 1981 PubMed   paper available via links
Chalmers 1975 Doi    Chalmers 1975 PubMed   Chalmers 1975 ch  Chalmers 1975 bm
   See problems of the Chalmers: 
   In: Do vitamins C and E affect respiratory infections? Thesis 2006 pp.
36-38
    https://hdl.handle.net/10138/20335
    https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6395595


Clausen 1934
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14497214 [vitamin C sections]
https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.1934.14.3.309


Cook 2007 Doi   Cook 2007 PMC   Cook 2007 PubMed
Corbett 2013 Doi

Davies 1979 Doi     Davies 1979 PubMed  


Dykes 1975 Doi     Dykes 1975 PubMed   Dykes 1975 ch
   See problems of the Dykes-Meier review: 
   In: Do vitamins C and E affect respiratory infections? Thesis 2006 pp.
42-45
    https://hdl.handle.net/10138/20335
    https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6395595

Eccles 2005 Doi
Eccles 2009 Doi
Eccles 2013 DOI Eccles 2013   
Fendrick 2003 DOI Fendrick 2003   

Gonzales 1997 Doi
Gotzsche 1989 Doi   Gotzsche 1989 ch   Gotzsche 1989 bm


Gotzsche refers to Braenden:
Braenden OJ. The common cold: A new approach. IRCS Journal of International Research Communications 1973; 1(7): 42.
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14438971



Heikkinen 2003 Doi

Hemilä 1992 Doi   Hemilä 1992         Hemilä1992     Hemilä 1992 PubMed
Hemilä 1994 Doi    Hemilä 1994        Hemilä 1994      Hemilä 1994 PubMed 
Hemilä 1995 Doi   Hemilä 1995 Doi   Hemilä 1995 PubMed
Hemilä 1996 Doi  Hemilä 1996a      Hemilä 1996a    Hemilä 1996a PubMed
   Discussion:  Chalmers 1996     Hemilä 1996d    Hemilä 1996d    Hemilä 1996d 

Hemilä 1996a Doi   Hemilä 1996a     Hemilä 1996a   Hemilä 1996b PubMed
Hemilä 1996b Doi    Hemila 1996b    Hemilä 1996b  Hemilä 1996c PubMed

Hemilä 1997_Doi
  Hemilä 1997        Hemilä 1997   Hemilä 1997 PubMed
Hemilä 1997a Doi    Hemilä 1997a    Hemilä1997a    Hemilä 1997 PubMed  
     Discussion:  1997a comments  1997a comments

Hemilä 1997b   Marcel Decker

Hemilä 1999 Doi      Hemilä 1999   Hemilä 1999   Hemilä 1999 PubMed
Hemilä 1999a IJTLD    Hemilä 1999a       Hemilä 1999a PubMed  
Hemilä 2004 Doi      Hemilä 2004       Hemilä 2004 PubMed

Hemilä 2006 Thesis     Hemilä 2006 Thesis  
  
Hemilä 2006a Doi           Hemilä 2006a PubMed
Hemilä2006b Doi    Hemilä 2006c manuscript    Hemilä  2006b 


Hemilä 2007 -- > 2013 update:   
https://hdl.handle.net/10138/225862
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd005532.pub3
    References to the Cochrane review vitamin C and pneumonia
    See a short summary and discussion in: Hemilä 2008

Hemilä 2008 Doi   Hemila 2008   Hemilä 2008
Hemilä2009 Doi    Hemilä 2009 PubMed
Hemilä 2011 Doi   Hemilä 2011 PMC    Hemilä 2011 PubMed
Hemilä 2011a Doi   Hemilä 2011a PMC    Hemilä 2011a PubMed
Hemilä 2013 Doi   Hemilä 2013 PMC    Hemilä 2013 PubMed
Hemilä 2013a Doi   Hemilä 2013a PMC    Hemilä 2013a PubMed
Hemilä 2014 Doi   Hemilä 2014 PMC    Hemilä 2014 PubMed
Hemilä 2015 Doi   Hemilä 2015 PMC    Hemilä 2015 PubMed

Higgins 2003 Doi

Hrobjartsson 2010 Doi


Hume 1973 Doi Hume 1973 PubMed 


IOM
https://doi.org/10.17226/9810
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK225483
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK225480
https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/9810/chapter/7
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25077263



Ji 1999_Doi

Kleijnen 1989 in Dutch   Kleijnen 1989 in Dutch     Kleijnen 1989 in Dutch     Kleijnen 1989 in English
Kleijnen 1989 Ref List
   See problems of the Kleijnen review: 
   In: Do vitamins C and E affect respiratory infections? Thesis 2006 pp.
38-40
    https://hdl.handle.net/10138/20335
    https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6395595

Kleijnen 1992 Doi    Kleijnen 1992 PubMed
Korbsch 1938 Translation

Levine 1996 Doi    Levine 1996 PMC   
Levine 1999 Doi         Levine 1999 PubMed
Louhiala 2014 Doi      Louhiala 2014 handle
Lydersen 2009 Doi     Lydersen 2009 PubMed

Markwell 1947 Doi  Markwell 1947_PubMed    Markwell 1947     Markwell 1947
Mosdol 2008 Doi      Mosdol 2008 PubMed

Nualart 2003 Doi      Nualart 2003 PubMed
Padayatty 2004 Doi 

Pauling 1970a book "Vitamin C and the common cold"
   Wiki
   Links to book reviews of the 1970 book
   A short background to the book  
   In: Do vitamins C and E affect respiratory infections? Thesis 2006 pp. 
11-13, 28, 35-36
    https://hdl.handle.net/10138/20335
    https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6395595

Pauling 1970b Doi     Pauling 1970b PMC
Pauling 1971a Doi      Pauling 1971a PMC    

Pauling 1971a manuscript  :
https://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/spotlight/mm/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-101584639X101-doc

https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/31/31-103.html
https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/33/33-032.html



Pauling 1971b
https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/24.11.1294
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4940368

Pauling 1976a book "Vitamin C, the common cold, and the flu"
    Links to book reviews of the 1976 book
https://scarc.library.oregonstate.edu/coll/pauling/rnb/31/31-269.html



Pauling 1976b
Pauling 1976c


Perla 1937
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14527877 [sections on vitamin C]
https://doi.org/10.1097/00005792-193405000-00001



Shamseer L, Vohra S, Bax R, Spee L, Madderom M, Hemilä H. Commentaries on ‘Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold’ with responses from the review author. Evid Based Child Health: A Cochrane Rev J. 2008; 3: 723-728.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/244785237
https://hdl.handle.net/10138/228088
https://doi.org/10.1002/ebch.261


Thomas 1978 PMC

Wang 1997 Doi
Webb 2007 Doi