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Suomalainen urbanismi
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Suomalainen urbanismi
Click to edit Master subtitle sty=
le
‹date/time›
=
‹fo=
oter›
=
‹#&=
#8250;
=
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Avara urbanismi
Yritys ymmärtää suomalainen kaupunki toisin
Yritys ymmärtää suomalainen kaupunki toisin
Näkökulmia kaupunkiin ja <=
span
style=3D'position:absolute;top:53.0%;left:15.91%;width:68.16%;height:6.0%'=
>kaupunkitilaan
27.11.20=
08
Pasi
Mäenpää
tutkija,
YTK/TKK
Tavoitteena
kaupunkikäsityksen muutos
<=
span
class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.43%;top:.3em'>pUrbaani,
urbaanisuus, urbanismi
pDeskriptiivinen
(positiivinen) tutkimus – kehitt&aum=
l;vä
tutkimus, normatiivinen tutkimus=
3;pOngelmalähtöisyys:
miten eheyttää kaupunkira=
kennetta
markkinayhteiskunnan oloissa?
pKohteena
pääkaupunkiseutu ja sen asumisen
markkinat
Kaupunkikehityksen ong=
elma
pSuomalainen kaupunki on
tulevaisuusprojektio
pKehittämispyrkimys
ylimäärittyy
pLähtötilanne
alimäärittyy
pTavoitetila muuttuu utopiaksi
pKehittämisongelma: utopiaa voi vain
tavoitella, ei tavoittaa
p=
Kaupungistuminen enemmän
”modernistinen uskonto”
kuin rationaalista toimintaa
pOngelmallinen asetelma: yleispätev&=
auml;
tiivis kaupunki
(”betonipuolue”) vs. myyttinen luontosuomalaisuus
(”puutarhakaupunki”) - kumpikaan ei viittaa todellisuuteen vaan mielikuviin
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:86%;mso-special-format:lastCR;display:none'>
Suomalainen
kaupunkikäsitys
pKaupunkikulttuurin puute, epäluulo,
penseys, heikkou=
s ja
ohuus
pTämä käsitys itse on urbaani, kaupu=
ngissa
syntynyt
=
pTaustalla
eurooppalaisen kaupungin kaipuu ja ihannointi
pEstetisointia, vertailua oikeisiin kaupu=
nkeihin,
seurallista keskuste=
lua,
osallistumista, ympäristön
ongelmat, NIMBY
pVain kaupunkilainen kokee kaupungin puut=
etta, vain kaupunkilainen voi paeta kaupungist=
a
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:86%;visibility:hidden'>p
Miksi urbaanisuus puuttuu suomalaisesta <=
span
lang=3DFI style=3D'font-size:91%'>kaupunkikäsityksestä?
pKansallisuusaate: kansa, heimot, talonpo=
ika, luontoromantiikka
pLuokaton
massayhteiskunta (vrt. Westö): kaupunki ei kenenkään
=
pModernism=
in
perinteetön perinne ja universalismi (ks. Raittila): tulevaisuusperspektiivi&=
#13;=
pSuuri muu=
tto ja
lähiöityminen 1960-1970–luvulla: kaupunkihistorian sumuverho (Kolbe, Kervanto Nevanlinna), maalaisidentiteetin
tarve
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:86%;visibility:hidden'>p
Luontoperäinen
kaupunkisuhde vai kaupunkiperäinen
luontosuhde?
pKesämökki: eurooppalaisen
kaupunkisäätyläistön perinne
pPuutarhanhoito ja kasvimaat: kaupungit ja
vapaa-aika
pPatikointi ja luontoretkeily: kulutus- ja
elämysyhteiskunta
pKaikki em. levisivät Euroopasta Suo=
men
kaupunkien ja kartanoiden
herrasväkeen n. 1800-luvulla ja massoittuivat kaupungistumisen myötä n.
1960-luvulla
pMarjastus, sienestys ja kalastus: ei maa=
laista
alkutuotantoa vaan
elämyshakuista leikkiä
pSuopotkupallo, nakujuoksu, saappaanheitt=
o, tangomarkkinat…
=
pSe mitä luulemme suomalaiseksi
maalaisuudeksi onkin erityistä
suomalaista kaupunkilaisuutta
Suomi on läpikaupungistunut – paitsi <=
span
lang=3DFI style=3D'font-size:91%'>identiteetiltään
pSuomalaisten suhde kaupunkiin ei ole maa=
lainen - suomalaisten suhde maaseutuun on kaupunkilainen
pSuhteemme maaseutuun ja luontoon on synt=
ynyt kaupungissa
pHaluamme identifioitua luonnonlähei=
seen suomalaisuuteen – mutta elämm=
e ja
toimimme kuin
kaupunkilaiset
pLuontosuhteemme on myyttinen: myytti ei =
ole totuus todellisuudesta vaan totuus ajattelutavasta
pEi ole kansallista Suomi-kaupunkilaisuut=
ta
– suomala=
inen
kulttuuri on vain yksi eurooppalaisen kulttuurin muunnelmista
=
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:86%;mso-special-format:lastCR;display:none'>
Kaupunkikulttuurimme
suomalaisuus
pHajakaupunki estää
ymmärtämästä urbaanisuutta: kaupunkia ei ole tiiviys vaan paikaton elämä=
; ja
vaihtelevat kontaktit
pNurmijärveläinen pientaloasumi=
nen on
kaupunkikulttuurin muoto
pSuomalaisen kaupungin ominaispiirre on,
että se sisältää monenasteista kaupunkimaisuutta ja kaupunkilaisuut=
ta
eikä tiivis kaupunki
dominoi
p=
Suomalainen urbaanisuus avaa enemmä=
n kuin
sulkee tai kieltää, koska sen määrittely ei ole autorisoitua
(esim. kivikaupunkilaisten dominoimaa)
pSuomalaiseen urbanismiin kuuluu
amerikkalaistyyppinen territoriaalinen
ekstensiivisyys
pSuomalaiseen urbanismiin kuuluu pohjoism=
ainen hyvinvointivaltiollinen laaja tarjonta k=
aikille.
psuomalainen kaupunkikäsitys painott=
aa
avaria näkymiä ja väljää tilan tuntua
p
n -> avara urbanismi suomalaisena erityispiirteenä
p
p
p
p
Avara urbanismi=
pUrbaanisuuden ohuuden, heikkouden ja puu=
tteen
ympärikääntö: meillä on jo kaupunki
pDeskriptiivisen todellisuuden affirmaatio
normatiivisen sijasta: kaupungin kääntäminen uudelleen
jaloilleen
p=
Urbaanisuus on moniasteista, monenlaista
kaupunkilaisuutta ja kaupunkimaisuutta
p=
Kontulalainen lähiöasukas on u=
rbaani,
espoolainen rivitaloasukas on urbaani, sipoolainen omakotitaloasukas on
urbaani
pMoninaisuus (Simmel), heterogeenisuus (W=
irth),
lähtökohtainen moneus (Rajanti): urbaanisuus ei ole
singulariteetti
pKaupunki on aina jo tiedetty ja toimittu=
–
kaupunkia ei voi löytää, sen voi vain löytää uudestaan ja uu=
della
tavalla
pKaupunki on jatkuva prosessi, kaupunkiku=
lttuuri
on emergentti ilmiö
pYhteys verkostokaupunkiteoriaan (esim.
Sieverts): ei dominoivaa ydinkaupunkia, kaupunkitilan affirmaatio, yhteydet=
, kommunikaatio, interaktio, liikkuvuus &#=
8211;
irti sub-urbaanista
<=
span
lang=3DFI style=3D'font-size:64%;display:none'>
<=
span
lang=3DFI style=3D'font-size:64%;display:none'>
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:64%;mso-special-format:lastCR;display:none'>
Mitä kaupunkikäsityksen muutoksesta <=
span
lang=3DFI style=3D'font-size:91%'>seuraa?
pKaupunki ei tule, se on jo
pEi pakoa kaupungista vaan oman urbaanin =
ihanteen
ja elä=
;mäntavan
etsintää omasta kokemuksesta lähtevää toimintaa
pEi maalaista täydennysrakentamisen
vastustusta vaan oman
kaupunkikäsityksen puolustusta ja ajamista
pItsemääräämisoikeuden
korostuminen asumisessa ei maalaiskulttuurinen vitka vaan urbaani ilmiö:=
oman suvereenisuuden hallinnointi sosiaalises=
ti
tiiviissä ympäristössä
(Simmel, kännykkä)
pAsumispreferenssit ovat suhteellisia: ka=
ikki
haluavat ”=
luonnonläheisyyttä”,
”rauhallisuutta” ja ”väljyyttä” mutta tarkoittavat niiden eri asteita, suhteit=
a ja
jännitteitä – asumisen imaginaarista
”yhtenäiskulttuuria” vastaa reaalinen monikulttuurisuus (vrt. Kortte=
inen
& Vaattovaara)
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:71%;mso-special-format:lastCR;display:none'>
Mitä kaupunkikäsityksen suunnittelusta <=
/span><=
span
lang=3DFI style=3D'font-size:91%'>seuraa suunnittelulle?
p=
Avara urbanismi on positiivinen ajattelu=
tapa:
kaupunkia ei tarvitse
keksiä tai tuoda vaan kehittää edelleen
<=
/div>
pTarjoaa valmiuden monikulttuuristumisell=
e
pUrbaanisuutta ei pidä
ymmärtää abstraktina ja yleispätevänä vaan konkreettisena ja
paikallisena
pKaikki rakentaminen on
täydennysrakentamista
pNIMBY-asenne ei ole maalainen vaan
kaupunkilainen
pKaupunki ei ole hierarkkinen urbaanin ja
epäurbaanin järjestelmä
vaan monenlaisten urbaanisuuksien verkosto
n
n-> avara urbanismi
suomalaisena erityispiirteenä – positiviteetti kaupunkikehittämiseen olemassa
olevan pohjalta
p
Mitä on
tehtävä?
pKaupunkeja pitää kehittä&=
auml;
siltä pohjalta, että ne ovat jo omanlaisiaan ja monenlaisia kaupunkeja&#=
13;
pKaupunkeja tulee kehittää niid=
en
omista kaupunk=
imaisuuksista
ja kaupunkilaisuuksista käsin
pSuomalaisia ei voi väkisin urbaniso=
ida
koska he ovat jo urbaaneja
pSuomea ei pidä väkisin
tiivistää ”oikeaksi kaupungiksi” vaan kehittää tiiviitä
kaupunginosia moninaistamaan ja avartamaan kaupunkia edelleen
pKontekstiherkkä kaupungin
sisäänpäin rakentaminen
pAsukas/kuluttajalähtöinen
suunnittelu
pPaikallisten asuntomarkkinoiden
moninaistaminen
pKolme pääkaupunkiseudun
kehittämisen kontekstia: ydinkaupunki, välikaupunki, seutukaupunki
=
;
pKaupunki on jo, sitä pitää
kunnioittaa tekemällä siitä parempaa
Mutta
pLuontoon ja landeen identifioitumista ei=
voi kieltää vaikka se onkin
”väärää tietoisuutta”
pMiten
kommunikoida sellaisten kaupunkilaisten kanssa, jotka eivät tiedä olevansa
kaupunkilaisia?
pAvara urbanismi sekä kaupungin ylei=
nen
piirre ett&aum=
l;
erityinen suomalaisen kaupungin piirre?
pMiten
kehittää konkreettisesti kaupunkia jos avaran urbanismin mukaan ”kaikki
käy”?
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:86%;visibility:hidden'>p
Kiitos!
Pasi Mäenpää
<=
/div>
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var event =3D PPTSld.event;
if( !IsFramesMode() && event && (event.keyCode=3D=3D27 || event.keyCode=3D=
=3D32 || event.type=3D=3D"click" ) )
window.close( self );
CatchNumKeys( self, event );
}
function Unload() { gIsEndShow=3D0; }
function SetupEndShow() {
gIsEndShow=3D1;
PPTSld.document.body.scroll=3D"no";
PPTSld.document.onkeypress=3DCloseWindow;
PPTSld.document.onclick=3DCloseWindow;
PPTSld.document.oncontextmenu=3D_CM;
}
function EndShow()
{
if( IsFramesMode() ) return
if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
doc=3DPPTSld.document
var dir =3D doc.body.dir
if( dir !=3D "rtl" ) dir =3D "ltr";
doc.open()
doc.writeln(' 0) {
PushSldList(sldList,fEnd);
gCurSld =3D 1;
}
else
if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
}
function PushSldList(arr,fEnd) {
var ii =3D gSldStack.length;
gSldStack[ii] =3D new SldList(arr,gCurSld,fEnd);
GoToSld( gSldStack[ii].mList[0].mSldHref );
}
function PopSldList() {
if (gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].fEndShow)
EndShow()
else {
gCurSld =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].mCurSld;
gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1] =3D null;
gSldStack.length--;
var sldList =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1];
GoToSld( sldList.mList[gCurSld - 1].mSldHref );
}
}
var custShowList=3Dnew Array();
/*********************************************
Navigation button implementation
There are 2 types of buttons: ImgBtn, TxtBtn
implemented as function objects. They share
a similiar interface so the event handlers
can call SetActive, for example, on a button=20
object without needing to know exactly=20
what type of button it is.
**********************************************/
//----------------------------------
function ImgBtn( oId,bId,w,action )
//----------------------------------
{
var t=3Dthis
t.Perform =3D _IBP
t.SetActive =3D _IBSetA
t.SetInactive=3D _IBSetI
t.SetPressed =3D _IBSetP
t.SetDisabled=3D _IBSetD
t.Enabled =3D _IBSetE
t.ChangeIcon =3D null
t.UserAction =3D action
t.ChgState =3D _IBUI
t.mObjId =3D oId
t.mBorderId=3D bId
t.mWidth =3D w
t.mIsOn =3D t.mCurState =3D 0
}
function _IBSetA()
{
if( this.mIsOn ) {
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 )
obj.style.posTop=3D0
}
}
function _IBSetI()
{
if( this.mIsOn ) {
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 )
obj.style.posTop=3D0=20
}
}
function _IBSetP()
{
if( this.mIsOn ) {
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,2 )
obj.style.posLeft+=3D1; obj.style.posTop+=3D1
}
}
function _IBSetD()
{ =20
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0 )
obj.style.posTop=3D0=20
}
function _IBSetE( state )
{
var t=3Dthis
GetObj( t.mBorderId ).style.visibility=3D"visible"
if( state !=3D t.mIsOn ) {
t.mIsOn=3Dstate
if( state )
t.SetInactive()
else
t.SetDisabled()
}
}
function _IBP()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( t.mIsOn ) {
if( t.UserAction !=3D null )
t.UserAction()
if( t.ChangeIcon ) {
obj=3DGetObj(t.mObjId)
if( t.ChangeIcon() )
obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-4)*t.mWidth
else
obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-0)*t.mWidth
}
t.SetActive()
} =20
}
function _IBUI( clr1,clr2,nextState )
{
var t=3Dthis
SetBorder( GetObj( t.mBorderId ),clr1,clr2 )
obj=3DGetObj( t.mObjId )
obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-nextState)*t.mWidth-obj=
.style.posTop
t.mCurState=3DnextState
return obj
}
//-----------------------------------------
function TxtBtn( oId,oeId,action,chkState )
//-----------------------------------------
{
var t=3Dthis
t.Perform =3D _TBP
t.SetActive =3D _TBSetA
t.SetInactive=3D _TBSetI
t.SetPressed =3D _TBSetP
t.SetDisabled=3D _TBSetD
t.SetEnabled =3D _TBSetE
t.GetState =3D chkState
t.UserAction =3D action
t.ChgState =3D _TBUI
t.mObjId =3D oId
t.m_elementsId=3D oeId
t.mIsOn =3D 1
}
function _TBSetA()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() )
t.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,0,0 )
}
function _TBSetI()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() )
t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 )
}
function _TBSetP()
{
if( this.mIsOn )
this.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 )
}
function _TBSetD()
{ =20
this.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 )
this.mIsOn =3D 0
}
function _TBSetE()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( !t.GetState() )
t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 )
else
t.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 )
t.mIsOn =3D 1
}
function _TBP()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( t.mIsOn ) {=20
if( t.UserAction !=3D null )
t.UserAction()
if( !t.GetState )
return
if( t.GetState() )
t.SetPressed()
else
t.SetActive()
} =20
}
function _TBUI( clr1,clr2,lOffset,tOffset )
{
SetBorder( GetObj( this.mObjId ),clr1,clr2 )
Offset( GetObj( this.m_elementsId ),lOffset,tOffset )
}
function Offset( obj, top, left ){ obj.style.top=3Dtop; obj.style.left=3Dle=
ft }
function SetBorder( obj, upperLeft, lowerRight )
{
s=3Dobj.style;
s.borderStyle =3D "solid"
s.borderWidth =3D 1=20
s.borderLeftColor =3D s.borderTopColor =3D upperLeft
s.borderBottomColor=3D s.borderRightColor =3D lowerRight
}
function GetBtnObj(){ return gBtnArr[window.event.srcElement.id] }
function BtnOnOver(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetActive() }
function BtnOnDown(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetPressed() }
function BtnOnOut(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetInactive() }
function BtnOnUp()
{
b=3DGetBtnObj()
if( b !=3D null )
b.Perform()
else
Upd()
}
function GetNtsState(){ return parent.gNtsOpen }
function GetOtlState(){ return parent.gOtlOpen }
function GetOtlTxtState(){ return parent.gOtlTxtExp }
function NtsBtnSetFlag( fVal )
{
s=3Ddocument.all.item( this.m_flagId ).style
s.display=3D"none"
if( fVal )
s.display=3D""
else
s.display=3D"none"
}
function _BSetA_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S=
etActive() }
function _BSetI_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S=
etInactive() }
function _BSetP_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S=
etPressed() }
function _BSetA_BorderImg()
{=20
b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId]=20
if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) {
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 )
obj.style.posTop=3D0
}
}
function _BSetI_BorderImg()
{=20
b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId]
if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) {
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 )
obj.style.posTop=3D0
}
}
var gHiliteClr=3D"THREEDHIGHLIGHT",gShadowClr=3D"THREEDSHADOW",gFaceClr=3D"=
THREEDFACE"
var gBtnArr =3D new Array()
gBtnArr["nb_otl"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOtlPan=
e,GetOtlState )
gBtnArr["nb_otlElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOt=
lPane,GetOtlState )
gBtnArr["nb_nts"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_nts","nb_ntsBorder",10,parent.ToggleN=
tsPane )
gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_BorderImg;
gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_BorderImg;
gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.=
ToggleNtsPane,GetNtsState )
gBtnArr["nb_ntsElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.To=
ggleNtsPane,GetNtsState )
gBtnArr["nb_prevBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_prev"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_prev","n=
b_prevBorder",30,parent.GoToPrevSld )
gBtnArr["nb_nextBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_next"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_next","n=
b_nextBorder",30,parent.GoToNextSld )
gBtnArr["nb_sldshw"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",18,parent=
.FullScreen )
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",pa=
rent.FullScreen,null )
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border;
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border;
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwText",parent=
.FullScreen,null )
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border;
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border;
gBtnArr["nb_voice"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_voiceBorder"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_voice=
","nb_voiceBorder",18,parent.ToggleVNarration )
gBtnArr["nb_otlTxtBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_otlT=
xt","nb_otlTxtBorder",23,parent.ToggleOtlText )
gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].m_flagId=3D "nb_nts"
gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].SetFlag =3D NtsBtnSetFlag
gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"].ChangeIcon=3D GetOtlTxtState
/*********************************************
Context menu implementation
_CM() is the function that's hooked up to
the oncontextmenu event. Once we're asked to
show the menu, we first build it by creating
DIVs on-the-fly. Then we position it=20
within the screen area so it doesn't get
clipped.
Creating the DIVs using createElement() means
we don't have to write out any extra HTML
into the slide HTML files.
**********************************************/
var sNext=3D"Next",sPrev=3D"Previous",sEnd=3D"End Show",sFont=3D"Arial",sAr=
row=3D"Arrow",sFreeform=3D"Freeform",sRect=3D"Rectangle",sOval=3D"Oval"
function ShowMenu()
{
BuildMenu();
var doc=3DPPTSld.document.body,x=3DPPTSld.event.clientX+doc.scrollLeft,y=
=3DPPTSld.event.clientY+doc.scrollTop
m =3D PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu")
m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx
if( (x+m.scrollWidth > doc.clientWidth)&&(x-m.scrollWidth > 0) )
m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx-m.scrollWidth
m.style.pixelTop=3Dy
if( (y+m.scrollHeight > doc.clientHeight)&&(y-m.scrollHeight > 0) )
m.style.pixelTop=3Dy-m.scrollHeight
m.style.display=3D""
}
function _CM()
{
if( !parent.IsFullScrMode() ) return;
if(!PPTSld.event.ctrlKey) {
ShowMenu()
return false
} else
HideMenu()
}
function BuildMenu()
{
if( PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu") ) return
var mObj=3DCreateItem( PPTSld.document.body )
mObj.id=3D"ctxtmenu"
mObj.style.visibility=3D"hidden"
var s=3DmObj.style
s.position=3D"absolute"
s.cursor=3D"default"
s.width=3D"120px"
SetCMBorder(mObj,"menu","black")
var iObj=3DCreateItem( mObj )
SetCMBorder( iObj, "threedhighlight","threedshadow" )
iObj.style.padding=3D2
CreateMenuItem( iObj,sNext,M_GoNextSld,M_True )
CreateMenuItem( iObj,sPrev,M_GoPrevSld,M_HasPrevSld )
=09
CreateSeparator( iObj )
CreateMenuItem( iObj,sEnd,M_End,M_True )
mObj.style.visibility=3D"visible"
}
function Cancel() { window.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; window.event.returnVa=
lue=3Dfalse }
function Highlight() { ChangeClr("activecaption","threedhighlight") }
function Deselect() { ChangeClr("threedface","menutext") }
function Perform()
{
e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement
if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() )
e.Action()
else
PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
}
function ChangeClr( bg,clr )
{
e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement
if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() ) {
e.style.backgroundColor=3Dbg
e.style.color=3Dclr
}
}
function M_HasPrevSld() { return( parent.HasPrevSld() ) }
function M_GoNextSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) M_End(); else GoToNextSld() }
function M_GoPrevSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) { gIsEndShow=3D0; history.back();=
PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; } else GoToPrevSld() }
function M_True() { return true }
function M_End() { window.close( self ) }
function CreateMenuItem( node,text,action,eval )
{
var e=3DCreateItem( node )
e.type=3D"menuitem"
e.Action=3Daction
e.IsActive=3Deval
e.innerHTML=3Dtext
if( !e.IsActive() )
e.style.color=3D"threedshadow"
e.onclick=3DPerform
e.onmouseover=3DHighlight
e.onmouseout=3DDeselect
s=3De.style;
s.fontFamily=3DsFont
s.fontSize=3D"9pt"
s.paddingLeft=3D2
}
function CreateSeparator( node )
{
var sObj=3DCreateItem( node )
SetCMBorder(sObj,"menu","menu")
var s=3DsObj.style
s.borderTopColor=3D"threedshadow"
s.borderBottomColor=3D"threedhighlight"
s.height=3D1
s.fontSize=3D"0px"
}
function CreateItem( node )
{
var elem=3DPPTSld.document.createElement("DIV")
node.insertBefore( elem )
return elem
}
function SetCMBorder( o,ltClr,rbClr )
{
var s=3Do.style
s.backgroundColor=3D"menu"
s.borderStyle=3D"solid"
s.borderWidth=3D1
s.borderColor=3DltClr+" "+rbClr+" "+rbClr+" "+ltClr
}
------=_NextPart_01C950A6.D2E22900
Content-Location: file:///C:/9F8446EF/kaupunkitutkimusluento_files/fullscreen.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"
Suomalainen urbanismi
------=_NextPart_01C950A6.D2E22900--
tutkija, YTK/TKK
pasi.maenpaa@helsinki.fi
------=_NextPart_01C950A6.D2E22900
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InitHLinkArray()
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MakeSldVis();
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function SupportsPPTAnimation() { return( navigator.platform =3D=3D "Win32"=
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