After Anderson, 1997-1998, Kazlev, 1999-2000, and Lamsdell, 2013, 2016
<==o Xiphosura Latreille, 1802 (molukkiravut; horseshoe crabs) `==o Synziphosurida [paraphyletic basal euchelicerates (Lamsdell, 2013)] |?- †Palaeomerus |?- †Lemoneites Flower, 1969 [Lemoneitidae] [also treated as Aglaspididan] |?- †Neolimulus falcatus Woodward, 1868 [Neolimulidae Packard, 1886] |--o †Weinberginidae Richter & Richter, 1929 | |-- †Weinbergina opitzi Richter & Richter, 1929 | |-- †Willwerathia laticeps (Størmer, 1936) | `-- †Legrandella lombardi Eldredge, 1974 `--+--o †Bunodidae Packard 1886 | |?- †Bembicosoma pomphicus Laurie, 1899 | |?-o †Bunaia Clarke, 1919 | | |-- B. woodwardia | | `-- B. heintzi Størmer | |-- †Bunodes lunula Eichwald, 1854 | `-- †Limuloides limuloides (Woodward, 1865) Størmer, 1952 [Limuloididae Størmer,, 1952] `--+?- †Bunodella horrida Matthew, 1889 [paraphyletic Pseudoniscidae Packard 1886] |-- †Pasternakevia podolica Selden & Drygant, 1987 [paraphyletic Pseudoniscidae Packard 1886] `--+-- †Cyamocephalus loganensis Currie, 1927 [paraphyletic Pseudoniscidae Packard 1886] `--+--o †Pseudoniscus Nieszkowski, 1859 [paraphyletic Pseudoniscidae Packard 1886] | |-- †P. aculeatus Nieszkowski, 1859 | `-- †P. roosevelti Clarke `--o Xiphosura Latreille, 1802 sensu Lamsdell, 2016 |?- †Elleria morani (Eller, 1938) Raymond, 1944 [Eupoöps morani Eller, 1938] [Elleriidae Raymond, 1944] |-- †Kasibelinurus amicorum Pickett, 1993 [paraphyletic Kasibelinuridae Pickett, 1993] `--+-- †‘Kasibelinurus’ randalli `--+-- †Lunataspis aurora Rudkin, Young & Nowlan, 2008 `--o Xiphosurida Latreille, 1802 sensu Lamsdell, 2016 (molukkiravut; Horseshoe crabs) |--o †Bellinurina Zittel in Zittel & Eastman, 1913 [Belinuracea; incl. Euproopacea Eller, 1938] | |?- †Kiaeria limuloides Størmer, 1934 [Kiaeriidae Størmer, 1954] | `--o †Bellinuridae Zittel in Zittel & Eastman, 1913 [incl. Euproopidae Eller, 1938; Liomesaspidae Raymond 1944] | |-- †Protolimulus eriensis (Williams, 1885) Packard, 1886 [Prestwichia eriensis Williams, 1885] | `==o †Bellinurus Meek & Worthen, 1865 [Belinurus König, 1820 (nomen nudum?); Belinurus König, 1851; Steropsis Baily, 1969; Koenigiella Raymond, 1944] | |?- †‘Bellinurus’baldwini Woodward | |?- †‘Bellinurus’alleganyensis Eller | |--+-- †Bellinurus trilobitoides Buckland, 1837 | | `-- †Bellinurus bellulus | `--+--+-- †‘Bellinurus’ reginae Bailey | | `-- †‘Bellinurus’truemanni | |--o †Anacontium Raymond, 1944 | | |-- †A. carpenteri Raymond, 1944 | | `-- †A. brevis | `--+-- †‘Bellinurus’arcuatus Bailey | `--+-- †‘Bellinurus’ lunatus | `==o †Euproops Meek, 1867 [Euproöps Meek, 1867; Prestwichia Woodward, 1867; Prestwichianella Cockerell, 1905] | |-- †Euproops danae Meek & Worthen, 1865 | `--+-- †‘Euproops’ sp. | `--+-- †‘Euproops’ anthrax Prestwich, 1840 | `--+--+-- †‘Euproops’ rotundatus Prestwich, 1840 | | `-- †‘Euproops’ mariae | `==o †Liomesaspis Raymond, 1944 | |-- †Liomesaspis laevis Raymond, 1944 | |-- †Liomesaspis? leonardensis | `--+-- †Pringlia birtwelli (Woodward, 1872) Reymond, 1944 [Palatinaspis Malz & Poschmann, 1993] | `-- †Alanops magnifica Racheboeuf et al., 2002 `--o Limulina Richter & Richter, 1929 sensu Lamsdell, 2016 [Limulacea Zittel, 1885] |-- †Bellinuroopsis rossicus Chernyshev, 1933 [Neobelinuropsis rossicus (Tschernyschew, 1933) Eller, 1938] `--+-- †Rolfeia fouldenensis Waterston, 1985 [Rolfeiidae Selden & Siveter, 1987] `--o Limulina Richter & Richter, 1929 sensu Anderson, 1997(?) |--o †Paleolimulidae Raymond, 1944 sensu Lamsdell, 2016 [incl. Moravuridae Pribyl, 1967] [Paleolimuloidea Raymond, 1944 sensu Anderson, 1997(?)] | |--o †Paleolimulus Dunbar, 1923 [Paleolimulidae Raymond, 1944; Moravuridae Pribyl, 1967] | | |?- P. avitus Dunbar, 1923 | | |?- P.? randalli (Beecher) | | `-- P. signatus Dunbar, 1923 | |-- †Moravurus Pribyl, 1967 [Moravuridae Pribyl, 1967] | `-- †Xaniopyramis linseyi Siveter & Selden, 1987 [Moravuridae Pribyl, 1967] `--o Limuloidea Zittel, 1885 sensu Lamsdell, 2016 |-- †Valloisella lievensis Racheboeuf, 1992 [“Valloisellidae”] `--+?- †Heterolimulidae |-- †‘Limulitella’ henkeli |--o †Austrolimulidae Riek, 1955 sensu Lamsdell, 2016 [Dubbolimulidae Pickett, 1984] | |-- †Panduralimulus babcocki Allen & Feldmann, 2005 | `--+--+-- †‘Paleolimulus’ longispinus | | `-- †‘Paleolimulus’ fuchsbergensis | `--+-- †Casterolimulus kletti Holland et al., 1975 | |-- †Dubbolimulus peetae Pickett, 1984 | `--+-- †Psammolimulus gottingensis Lange, 1923 | `-- †Austrolimulus fletcheri Riek, 1955 `--o Limulidae Leach, 1819 [non? Zittel, 1885] [Xiphosuridae Pocock, 1902; Mesolimulidae Størmer, 1952] (nykymolukkiravut; modern horseshoe crabs) |-- †Limulitella bronni (Schimper, 1850) Størmer, 1952 [Limulites Schimper, 1853] `--+-- †Yunnanolimulus luopingensis Zhang et al., 2009 `--+-- †Tarracolimulus rieki Romero & Vía Boada, 1977 |--o †Mesolimulus Størmer [Mesolimulidae Størmer, 1952] | |-- †M. walchi (Demarest, 1822) | |-- †M. crespelli | `-- `--o Limulinae Zittel, 1885 |--+-- †‘Limulitella’ vicensis | `-- †Victalimulus mcqueeni Riek & Gill, 1971 |--o Tachypleini Pocock, 1902 [Tachypleinae Pocock, 1902] | |-- Carcinoscorpius rotundicaudatus (Latrieille, 1802) Pocock, 1902 [Limulus rotundicauda Latreille, 1817] (Mangrove horseshoe crab) | `--o Tachypleus Leach, 1819 [Heterolimulus Vía Boada & De Villalta, 1966] | |-- †T. gadeai | `--+-- T. gigas (Müller, 1785) Pocock, 1902 [Limulus gigas Müller, 1785; Limulus moluccanus Latreille, 1802; Limulus heterodactylus Latreille, 1802; Limulus viriscens Latreille, 1806; Limulus latreilli Leach, 1819; Limulus macleaii Leach, 1819] | `--+-- †T. dechneni (Zinken) | `--+-- †T. syriacus [=? †Mesolimulus syriacus (Woodward)] | `-- T. tridentatus (Leach, 1819) [Limulus tridentatus Leach, 1819; Limulus longispina van der Hoeven, 1838] (tri-spine horseshoe crab) `--o Limulini Zittel, 1885 [Limulinae Leach, 1819] |-- †Limulus? darwini |-- †Crenatolimulus paluxyensis Feldmann et al., 2011 `--o Limulus Müller, 1785 |-- †L. coffini `-- L. polyphemus (Linnaeus, 1758) [Xiphosura Brünnich, 1771; Monolucus polyphemus Linnaeus, 1758; Limulus cyclops Fabricius, 1793; Limulus occidentalis Lamarck, 1801; Limulus albus Bosc, 1802; Limulus sowerbii Leach, 1815; Limulus americanus Leach, 1819] (Atlantic horseshoe crab; amerikanmolukkirapu)
Reference(s):
- Anderson, L. I., 1997-1998: The Palaeozoic Xiphosura (Horseshoe Crabs).
–iNet: Lyall I. Anderson's Home Page: http://members.tripod.com/~Lyall/xipho.html - Anderson, L. I. & Selden, P. A., 1997: Opisthosomal fusion and phylogeny of Palaeozoic Xiphosura.
–Lethaia: Vol. 30, #1, pp. 19-31 [doi: 10.1111/j.1502-3931.1997.tb00440.x] - Kazlev, M. A., 1999-2000: Xiphosura - Horseshoe crabs and their extinct relatives
–iNet: The Kheper Site: http://www.kheper.auz.com/gaia/biosphere/arthropods/xiphosura/Xiphosura.htm - Lamsdell, J. C., 2013: Revised systematics of Palaeozoic ‘horseshoe crabs’ and the myth of monophyletic Xiphosura.
–Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: Vol. 167, #1, pp. 1-27 [doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2012.00874.x] - Lamsdell, J. C., 2016: Horseshoe crab phylogeny and independent colonizations of fresh water: ecological invasion as a driver for morphological innovation.
–Palaeontology: Vol. 59, #2, pp. 181-194 [doi: 10.1111/pala.12220] - Parker, S. P. (ed.), 1982: Synopsis and classification of living organisms. Vols. 1 & 2
–McGrew-Hill Book Company - Størmer, L., Petrunkevitch, A. & Hedgpeth, J. W., 1955: Arthropoda 2 - Chelicerata with sections on Pycnogonida and Palaeoisopus. xvii-181
in Moore, R. C. (ed.): Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology - Part P
–Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, 1955