After Parker, 1981, and Martin & Davis, 2001; with species from “WoRMS”
<==o Pentastomida Diesing, 1836 [Pentastomata] (tongue worms; punkkimadot) |?-o Raillietiellida Almeida & Christoffersen, 1999 | `--o Raillietiellidae Sambon, 1922 [Linguatulidae: Raillietiellinae Sambon, 1922] | |-- Yelirella petauri (Spratt, 2003) Spratt, 2010 [Rileyella Spratt, 2003 (preocc.)] | `--o Raillietiella Sambon, 1910 [Mahafaliella Gretillat, Brygoo & Domergue, 1962; Gretillatia Motta, 1965; Travassostulida Motta & Gomes, 1968; Raillietiella (Heymonsia) Hett, 1934 (nomen nudum)] | |-- R. aegypti Ali, Riley & Self, 1982 | |-- R. affinis Bovien, 1927 | |-- R. agcoi Tubangui & Masiluńgan, 1936 | |-- R. ampanihyensis Gretillat, Brygoo & Domergue, 1962 | |-- R. amphiboluri Mahon, 1954 | |-- R. belohaensis McAllister, Riley, Freed & Freed, 1993 | |-- R. bicaudata Heymons & Vitzthum, 1935 | |-- R. bifurcaudata Lakshmipyari & Gambhir, 2012 | |-- R. boulengeri (Vaney & Sambon, 1910) [Porocephalus boulengeri Vaney & Sambon, 1910] | |-- R. bufonis Ali, Riley & Self, 1982 | |-- R. cartagenensis Ali, Riley & Self, 1985 | |-- R. chamaeleonis Gretillat & Brygoo, 1959 | |-- R. colubrilineati (Leuckart, 1860) | |-- R. congolensis Fain, 1961 | |-- R. crotali Ali, Riley & Self, 1984 | |-- R. freitasi (Motta & Gomes, 1968) | |-- R. furcocercum (Diesing, 1836) [Raillietiella gomesi Motta, 1963] | |-- R. gehyrae Bovien, 1927 | |-- R. gigliolii Hett, 1924 | |-- R. gowrii Rajalu & Rajendran, 1970 | |-- R. hebitihamata Self & Kuntz, 1960 [Raillietiella frenatus Ali, Riley & Self, 1981] | |-- R. hemidactyli Hett, 1934 [Raillietiella (Heymonsia) hemidactyli Hett, 1934] | |-- R. indica Gedoelst, 1921 | |-- R. kochi Heymons, 1926 [Raillietiella shipleyi Heymons, 1926] | |-- R. mabuiae Heymons, 1922 | |-- R. maculatus Rao & Hiregaudar, 1962 | |-- R. maculilabris Ali, Riley & Self, 1984 | |-- R. madagascariensis McAllister, Riley, Freed & Freed, 1993 | |-- R. mediterranea (Hett, 1915) | |-- R. monarchus Ali, Riley & Self, 1984 | |-- R. morenoi Abreu-Acosta, Foronda Rodriguez, Valladares & Casanova, 2006 | |-- R. mottae Almeida, Freire & Lopes, 2008 | |-- R. namibiensis Riley & Heideman, 1998 | |-- R. orientalis (Hett, 1915) | |-- R. piscator Nair, 1967 | |-- R. rileyi Krishnasamy, Jeffery, Inder Singh & Oothuman, 1995 | |-- R. schoutedeni Fain, 1960 | |-- R. scincoides Ali, Riley & Self, 1984 | |-- R. spiralis Hett, 1924 | |-- R. teagueselfi Riley, McAllister & Freed, 1988 | |-- R. tetrapoda (Gretillat, Brygoo & Domergue, 1962) | |-- R. trachea Riley, Oaks & Gilbert, 2003 | |-- R. venteli (Motta, 1965) | `?- R. geckonis (Diesing, 1850) |--o Cephalobaenida Heymons, 1935 [Cephalobaeniformis Motta, 1963; incl. Reighardiida Almeida & Christoffersen, 1999] | |?- †Invavita piratica Siveter, Briggs, Siveter & Sutton, 2015; Sil. WEu. | |--o Cephalobaenidae Fain, 1961 | | |-- Cephalobaena tetrapoda Heymons, 1922 [Cephalobaena recurvocauda Motta, 1963] | | `?- Bothropsiella bicornuta Cavalieri, 1967 | `--o Reighardiidae Heymons, 1935 [Reighardiinae Kishida, 1928] | |-- Hispania vulturis Martínez, Criado-Fornelio, Lanzarot, Fernández-García, Rodríguez-Caabeiro & Merino, 2004 | `--o Reighardia Ward, 1899 | |-- R. lomviae Dyck, 1975 | `-- R. sternae (Diesing, 1864) `--o Porocephalida Heymons, 1935 [Porocephaliformis Motta, 1963] |--o Linguatuloidea Heymons, 1935 | `--o Linguatulidae Heymons, 1935 [Linguatulidae Vogt, 1851] | |-- Neolinguatula nuttalli (Sambon, 1922) Haffner & Rack, in Haffner, Rack & Sachs, 1969 [Linguatula nuttalli Sambon, 1922] | `--o Linguatula Frölich, 1789 [Taenia; Tetragulus Bosc, 1811; Prionoderma Cuvier, 1817; Monostoma Numan, 1840] | |-- L. arctica Riley, Haugerud & Nilssen, 1987 | |-- L. multiannulata Haffner & Rack, in Haffner, Rack & Sachs, 1969 | |-- L. recurvata (Diesing, 1850) | `-- L. serrata Frölich, 1789 [Taenia capraea Abildgaard, 1789; Taenia rhinaris Meyer, 1789; Taenia caprina Gmelin, 1791; Taenia lanceolata Rudolphi, 1805; Linguatula denticulata Rudolphi, 1805; Polystoma taenioides Rudolphi, 1809; Tetragulus caviae Bosc, 1811; Monostoma settenii Numan, 1840; Linguatula dingoensis Johnson, 1910] `--o Porocephaloidea Sambon, 1922 |?-o Subtriquetridae Fain, 1961 [included to Linguatuloidea by “WoRMS”] | `--o Subtriquetra Sambon, 1922 | |-- S. megacephalum (Baird, 1853) | |-- S. rileyi Junker, Boomker & Booyse, 1998 | |-- S. shipleyi Hett, 1924 | `-- S. subtriquetra (Diesing, 1836) [Pentastoma subtriquetrum Diesing, 1836] |--o Armilliferidae Fain, 1961 [treated as subfamily of Porocephalidae by “WoRMS”] | |--o Armillifer Sambon, 1922 [Ligamifer Heymons, 1932] | | |-- A. aborealis Riley & Self, 1981 | | |-- A. agkistrodontis Self & Kuntz, 1966 | | |-- A. armillatus (Wyman, 1845) [Linguatula armillata Wyman, 1845; Linguatula diesingii Van Beneden, 1848] | | |-- A. australis Heymons, 1935 [Armillifer australis Riley & Self, 1981] | | |-- A. grandis (Hett, 1915) [Porocephalus grandis Hett, 1915] | | |-- A. mazzai (Sambon, 1922) [Waddycephalus mazzai Sambon, 1922; Ligamifer mazzai Heymons, 1932] | | |-- A. moniliformis (Diesing, 1836) | | `-- A. yoshidai Kishida, 1928 | `--o Cubirea Kishida, 1928 | |-- C. annulata (Baird, 1853) [Pentastoma annulatum Baird, 1853] | `-- C. pomeroyi (Woodland, 1921) [Porocephalus pomeroyi Woodland, 1921] |--o Porocephalidae Sambon, 1922 [non? Heymons, 1935] [Pentastomidae Shipley, 1909] | |--o Elenia Heymons, 1932 | | |-- E. australis Heymons, 1932 | | `?- E. lialisi Heymons, 1939 | |-- Gigliolella brumpti (Giglioli, 1922) Chabaud & Choquet, 1954 [Armillifer brumpti Giglioli, 1922] | |--o Kiricephalus Sambon, 1922 [Cayerina Kishida, 1927] | | |-- K. clelii Riley & Self, 1980 | | |-- K. coarctatus (Diesing, 1850) [Porocephalus seurati Neveu-Lemaire, 1900; Porocephalus herpetodryados Shipley, 1905; Porocephalus globicephalus Hett, 1915] | | |-- K. constrictor Riley & Self, 1980 | | |-- K. gabonensis Riley & Self, 1980 | | |-- K. pattoni (Stephens, 1908) [Porocephalus pattoni Stephens, 1908; Cayerina mirabilis Kishida, 1927] | | `-- K. tortus (Shipley, 1898) [Porocephalus tortus Shipley, 1898] | |--o Parasambonia Stunkard & Gandal, 1968 | | |-- P. bridgesi Stunkard & Gandal, 1968 | | `-- P. minor Riley & Self, 1982 | |--o Porocephalus Humboldt, 1812 [Polystoma (Pentastoma) Rudolphi, 1812; Pentastoma Rudolphi, 1812; Pentastomum Rudolphi, 1812] | | |-- P. basiliscus Riley & Self, 1979 | | |-- P. benoiti Fain, 1960 | | |-- P. bifurcatus | | |-- P. clavatus (Wyman, 1845) [Linguatula clavata Wyman, 1845] | | |-- P. crotali Humboldt, 1812 [Polystoma quadriuncinata Meyer, 1789; Polystoma humboltii Mayer, 1851; Polystoma proboscideum Rudolphi, 1812] | | |-- P. dominicana Riley & Walters, 1980 | | |-- P. stilesi Sambon, in Vaney & Sambon, 1910 | | |-- P. subuliferum (Leuckart, 1860) [Porocephalus cercopitheci Breinl & Hindle, 1909; Porocephalus bouvieri Vaney & Sambon, 1910] | | |-- P. taiwana Qiu, Ma, Fan & Lu, 2005 | | |-- P. tortugensis Riley & Self, 1979 | | `?- P. siamensis Koch, 1906 | `--o Waddycephalus Sambon, 1922 | |-- W. calligaster Riley & Self, 1981 | |-- W. komodoensis Riley & Self, 1981 | |-- W. longicauda Riley & Self, 1981 | |-- W. porphyriacus Riley & Self, 1981 | |-- W. punctulatus Riley & Self, 1981 | |-- W. radiata Riley & Self, 1981 | |-- W. scutata Riley & Self, 1981 | |-- W. superbus Riley & Self, 1981 | |-- W. teretiusculus (Baird, 1862) [Pentastoma teretiusculum Baird, 1862] | `-- W. vitiensis Heymons, 1932 `--o Sebekidae Sambon, 1922 [non? Fain, 1961] sensu “WoRMS” |?-o Diesingiidae Heymons, 1935 [non? Fain, 1961] [Diesingiinae Heymons, 1935] | |--o Alofia Giglioli, in Sambon, 1922 | | |-- A. ginae Giglioli, in Sambon, 1922 | | |-- A. indica (von Linstow, 1906) [Porocephalus indicus von Linstow, 1906] | | |-- A. merki Giglioli, in Sambon, 1922 | | |-- A. nilotici Riley & Huchzermeyer, 1995 | | |-- A. parva Riley & Huchzermeyer, 1995 | | |-- A. platycephalum (Lohrmann, 1889) | | |-- A. simpsoni Riley, 1994 | | |-- A. travassosi (Heymons, 1932) [Elenia (Waddycephalus) travassosi Heymons, 1932] | | `?- A. solaris (Tubangui & Masilungan, 1936) | |--o Diesingia Sambon, 1922 [Butantanella Da Fonseca & Ruiz, 1956] | | |-- D. kachugensis (Shipley, 1910) [Porocephalus kachugensis Shipley, 1910] | | `-- D. megastomum (Diesing, 1836) [Pentastoma megastomum Diesing, 1836; Butantanella megastomum Da Fonseca & Ruiz, 1956] | `-- Selfia porosus Riley, 1994 |?-o Sambonidae Fain, 1961 | `--o Sambonia Noc & Giglioli, 1922 [Megadrepanoides Self & Kuntz, 1957] | |-- S. clavata (Lohrmann, 1889) [Pentastomum clavatum Lohrmann, 1889; Reighardia lohrmanni Sambon, 1910] | |-- S. parapodum Self && Kuntz, 1966 | |-- S. solomenensis (Self && Kuntz, 1957) [Megadrepanoides solomonensis Self & Kuntz, 1957] | |-- S. varani (Self && Kuntz, 1957) [Megadrepanoides varani Self & Kuntz, 1957] | `-- S. wardi (Sambon, in Vaney & Sambon, 1910) [Porocephalus wardi Sambon, in Vaney & Sambon, 1910] `--o Sebekidae Sambon, 1922 [Sebekini Sambon, 1922] |?- Levisunguis subaequalis Curran, Overstreet, Collins & Benz, 2014 |--o Leiperiinae Christoffersen & De Assis, 2013 | `--o Leiperia Sambon, 1922 | |-- L. australiensis Riley & Huchzermeyer, 1996 | |-- L. cincinnalis (Sambon, in Vaney & Sambon, 1910) [Reighardia cincinnalis Sambon, in Vaney & Sambon, 1910; Porocephalus nematoides Beauchamp, 1918] | `-- L. gracilis (Diesing, 1836) [Pentastoma gracile Diesing, 1836; Porocephalus crocodili Wheeler, 1915; Leiperia neotropica Heymons & Vitzthum, 1935] `--o Sebekinae Sambon, 1922 |-- Agema silvaepalustris Riley, Hill & Huchzermeyer, 1997 |-- Pelonia africana Junker & Boomker, 2002 `--o Sebekia Sambon, 1922 [Bdukus Holl, 1928] |-- S. cesarisi Giglioli, in Sambon, 1922 |-- S. divestei Giglioli, in Sambon, 1922 |-- S. johnstoni Riley, Spratt & Winch, 1990 |-- S. microhamus Self & Rego, 1985 |-- S. minor (Wedl, 1861) [Sebekia wedli Giglioli, in Sambon, 1922] |-- S. mississippiensis Overstreet, Self & Vliet, 1985 |-- S. multiannulata Riley, Spratt & Winch, 1990 |-- S. novaeguineae Riley, Spratt & Winch, 1990 |-- S. okavangoensis Riley & Huchzermeyer, 1995 |-- S. oxycephalum (Diesing, 1836) |-- S. purdieae Riley, Spratt & Winch, 1990 |-- S. trinitatis Riley, Spratt & Winch, 1990 |?- S. acuminata Travossos, 1924 |?- S. joubini (Vaney & Sambon, 1910) [Porocephalus joubini Vaney & Sambon, 1910] `?- S. samboni Travassos, 1924
Pentastomida incertae sedis:
Nettorhynchidae Doucet, 1962
Netorhynchus Zenker, 1827 [Nettorhynchus Zenker, 1827] (a non-pentastomid according to “WoRMS”)
Note:
Pentastomida [Pentastomata] has been demoted from a distinctive class of crustaceans, with unsure relationships, to a subclass of Maxillopoda by Martin & Davis (2001).
Superfamilies Porocephaloidea and Linguatuloidea were not recognized by Martin & Davis (2001).
Reference(s):
- Anonymous, 2015: Pentastomida (visited 2015-05-29)
–World Register of Marine Species: http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=22602 - Martin, J. W. & Davis, G. E., 2001: An Updated Classification of the Recent Crustacea.
–Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Science Series: Vol. #39, pp. vii-124 - Parker, S. P. (ed.), 1982: Synopsis and classification of living organisms. Vols. 1 & 2
–McGrew-Hill Book Company - Siveter, David J., Briggs, Derek E. G., Siveter, Derek J. & Sutton, Mark D., 2015: A 425-Million-Year-Old Silurian Pentastomid Parasitic on Ostracods.
–Current Biology Reports: in press [doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.04.035]