After The Echinoid Directory [“Natural History Museum – London ”]
<==o Holasteroida Durham & Melville, 1957 [Holasterina sensu Parker, 1982] |-- Eoholaster Solovjev, 1989 |-- Taphraster Pomel, 1883 `--+--o Cardiasterina Pomel, 1883 | |-- Giraliaster Forster & Philip, 1974 | |-- Pseudholaster Pomel, 1883 | |-- Protocardiaster Smith & Wright, 2003 | `--+--o Cardiasteridae Lambert, 1917 | | |-- Plesiocorys Pomel, 1883 | | |-- Cardiaster Forbes, 1850 | | `--+-- Infulaster Desor, 1858 | | `-- Hagenowia Duncan, 1889 | `--o Hemipneustidae Lambert, 1917 | |-- Plesiohemipneustes Smith & Wright, 2003 | |-- Hemipneustes Agassiz, 1836 | |-- Opisopneustes Gauthier, 1889 | `-- Taxopatagus Pomel, 1883 `--o Meridosternata Loven, 1883 |-- Lampadocorys Pomel, 1883 |-- Crassiholaster Smith & Wright, 2003 |--+--o Echinocorythidae Wright, 1857 | | |-- Echinocorys Leske, 1778 | | `-- Pseudananchys Pomel, 1883 | `--+-- Galeola Quenstedt, 1874 | |-- Jeronia Seunes, 1888 | `--o Urechinina H.L. Clark, 1946 | |?- Pilematechinus A. Agassiz, 1904 | |--o Urechinidae Duncan, 1889 | | |-- Chelonechinus Bather, 1934 [paraphyletic Calymnidae Mortensen, 1907] | | |--+-- Garumnaster Lambert, 1907 | | | `-- Antrechinus Mooi & David, 1990 | | `--+-- Cystechinus A. Agassiz, 1879 | | `-- Urechinus A. Agassiz, 1879 | `--+--o Corystidae Foster & Philip, 1978 | |-- Cardabia Foster & Philip, 1978 | | `--+-- Corystus Pomel, 1883 | | `-- Huttonechinus Foster & Philip, 1978 | `--+-- Galeaster Seunes, 1889 [a member of Pourtalesiidae A. Agassiz, 1881?] | `--+-- Basseaster Lambert, 1936 | `--+-- Plexechinus A. Agassiz, 1896 [Plexechinidae Mooi & David, 1996] | `--o Pourtalesiidae A. Agassiz, 1881 | |-- Pourtalasia A. Agassiz, 1869 | |-- Ceratophysa Pomel, 1883 | |-- Cystocrepis Mortensen, 1907 | |-- Echinocrepis A. Agassiz, 1879 | |-- Echinosigra Mortensen, 1907 | |-- Helgocystis Mortensen, 1907 | `-- Spatangocystis A. Agassiz, 1879 `--+==o Holasteridae Pictet, 1857 [paraphyletic?] | |-- Holaster Agassiz, 1836 | |-- Scagliaster Munier-Chalmas, 1891 | |-- Offaster Desor, 1858 | `-- Cibaster Pomel, 1883 `--o Stegasterina Lambert, 1917 |-- Gibholaster |--+-- Sternotaxis | `-- Cardiotaxis `--+?- Calymne Wyville Thomson, 1877 [paraphyletic Calymnidae Mortensen, 1907] |?- Sternopatagus de Meijere, 1902 [paraphyletic Calymnidae Mortensen, 1907] |-- Lampadaster Cotteau, 1889 [paraphyletic Stegasteridae Lambert, 1917] `--+-- Pseudoffaster Lambert, 1924 [paraphyletic Calymnidae Mortensen, 1907] `--+-- Tholaster Seunes, 1890 [paraphyletic Stegasteridae Lambert, 1917] `--+-- Entomaster Gauthier, 1888 [paraphyletic Stegasteridae Lambert, 1917] |--+-- Guettaria Gauthier, 1888 [paraphyletic Stegasteridae Lambert, 1917] | `-- Stegaster Pomel, 1883 [=? Rispolia Lambert, 1917] [paraphyletic Stegasteridae Lambert, 1917] `--+-- Seunaster Lambert, 1912 [paraphyletic Stegasteridae Lambert, 1917] `-- Sanchezaster Lambert, 1924 [paraphyletic Calymnidae Mortensen, 1907]
Holasteroida incertae sedis:
Ananchothuria Fossa-Mancini, 1921 Ganbirretia Gauthier, 1903 Paronaster Airaghi, 1906 [possibly a spatangoid] Titanaster Szorenyi [nomen nudum]
Note:
Although an excellent source, the Echinoid Directory of the Natural History Museum (London) lack such critical information as ages and status (extinct/living). I have entered the information, but I have some concerns of it.
Some genera in this tree were not present in the classification of Holasteroidea in the Echinoid Directory, but presented on the same site in a graphical presentation of the Holasteroid phylogeny.
Reference(s):
- Anonymous, 1998: The CAS Echinoderm webpage.
–iNet: California Academy of Sciences: http://www.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/classify.htm [visited: 2002-5 October] - Anonymous, 2004: Classification of the Holasteroida. (Updated: ??)
–iNet: The Natural History Museum (London): http://www.nhm.ac.uk/palaeontology/echinoids/genera/holaster/holclad2; [visited: 2005-02-28] - Parker, S. P. (ed.), 1982: Synopsis and classification of living organisms. Vols. 1 & 2
–McGrew-Hill Book Company