After Parker, 1982 and Kerr, 2000 [“The Tree of Life Project”]
<==o HOLOTHUROIDEA (merimakkarat) |?- Gephyrothuriidae [has been treated as Molpadiid (Parker, 1982)] |?- Eupyrgidae [has been treated as Molpadiid (Parker, 1982)] |--o Apodida [paraphyletic Apodacea] | |-- Synaptidae | |-- Chiridotidae | `-- Myriotrochidae `--+--o Elasipodida (deep-sea sea cucumbers) [paraphyletic Aspidochirotacea] | |-- Deimatidae | |-- Laetmogonidae | |-- Elpidiidae | |-- Psychropotidae | `-- Pelagthuriidae `--+--o Aspidochirotida (beche-de-mer, trepang, etc.) [paraphyletic Aspidochirotacea] | |-- Holothuriidae | |-- Stichopodidae | `-- Synallactidae `--+--o Molpadiida (rat-tailed sea cucumbers) [paraphyletic Apodacea] | |-- Molpadiidae | `-- Caudinidae `--o Dendrochirotacea |--o Dentrochirotida (suspension-feeding sea cucumbers) | |-- Placothuriidae | |-- Paracucumidae | |-- Psolidae | |-- Heterothyonidae | |-- Phyllophoridae | |-- Sclerodactylidae | `-- Cucumariidae `--o Dactylochirotida (plated sea cucumbers, in partim) |-- Ypsilothuriidae |-- Vaneyellidae `-- Rhopalodinidae
Reference(s):
- Kerr, A. M., 2000: Holothuroidea - Sea cucumbers. (Updated: 2000)
–iNet: The Tree of Life Project: http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Holothuroidea&contgroup=Echinodermata; [visited: 2002-10-05] - Parker, S. P. (ed.), 1982: Synopsis and classification of living organisms. Vols. 1 & 2
–McGrew-Hill Book Company