After Shoshoni & Tassy (eds.), 1996 and Lister & Sher, 2001
<==o †Mammuthus Burnett, 1830 (mammuts; mammutit) |-- †M. subplanifrons (Osborn, 1928) `--+-- †M. africanavus (Arambourg, 1952) `--+?- †M. lamarmorae (Sardinian mammut; sardinianmammutti) `--o †M. meridionalis (Nesti, 1825 [paraphyletic root-mammut] |?- †M. creticus (Crete dwarf-mammut; kreetankääpiömammutti) |-- †M. meridionalis tamanensis [M. meridionalis Laiatico-stage] `--+-- †M. meridionalis voigtstedtensis [M. meridionalis Montevarchi-stage] `--+-- †M. trogontherii |?-+--o †M. imperator (emperor mammut; keisarimammutti) | | |-- †M. i. ?jeffersoni | | `-- †M. i. ?imperator | `--o †M. columbi (Colombian mammut; amerikanmammutti) | |?- †M. c. columbi | `?- †M. c. exilis (kaliforniankääpiömammutti) `--+-- †M. meridionalis [Bacton-stage] `--+-- †M. armeniacus `--+-- †M. hayi `--+-- †M. fraasi `--o †M. primigenius (Blumenbach, 1799) (woolly mammut, mammutti, villakarvamammutti) |-- †M. p. sibiricus (Russian mammut; venäjänmammutti `--+-- †M. p. wrangeliensis (Wrangel Island mammut; wrangelinsaartenmammutti) [died out only 4000 years ago!] |-- †M. p. primigenius (woolly mammut, European mammut; euroopanmammutti, villakarvamammutti) `--+-- †M. p. alaskensis (Alaskan mammut; alaskanmammutti) `-- †M. p. compressus (Great Lakes mammut; suurtenjärvienmammutti)
Note:
Taxonomy of genus Mammuthus is murky, partly because of great deal of fossils available. These fossils and studies made of them show that Eurasian mammut-species [Mammuthus meridionalis, Mammuthus trogontherii and Mammuthus primigenius] form a single slowly evolving lineage, in which form-separation is difficult or impossible.
Reference(s):
- Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Lister, A. M. & Sher, A. V., 2001: The origin and evolution of the woolly mammoth.
–Science: Vol. 294, pp. 1094-1097 - McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K., (eds.) 1997: Classification of mammals – above the species level.
–Columbia University Press, New York, 1997, xii-631 - Nowak, R. M., 1991: Walker's Mammals of the World; Part 1.
–The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1991, xlviii-642-lxiii - Nowak, R. M., 1991: Walker's mammals of the World; Part 2.
–The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1991, xii-643-1629 - Poulakakis, N., Mylonas, M., Lymberakis, P. & Fassoulas, G., 2002: Origin and taxonomy of the fossil elephants of the island of Crete (Greese): proplems and perspectives.
–Palaegeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology: Vol. 186, pp. 163-183 - Shoshoni, J., & Tassy, P., (eds.), 1996: The Proboscidea - Evolution and paleontology of elephants and their relatives.
–Oxford University Press, New York, 1996, xxx - 472