After Lucas & Schoch, 1989, Mader, 1989, Prothero & Schoch, 1989, McKenna & Bell, 1997, Gunnell & Yarborough, 2000, Holroyd & Ciochon, 2000, Zonneveld, Gunnell & Bartels, 2000, Thewissen, Williams & Hussain, 2001, and Mihlbachler, Lucas, Emry & Bayshashov, 2004
<==o †Brontotheroidea [Titanotheroidea]
|?- †Anchilophus depereti [Anchilophidae]
|?- †Danjiangia Wang, 1995 [associated with Eomeropids (Chalicotheroidea) by Remy et al. (2005)]
|--o †Lambdotheriidae
| |-- †Xenicohippus
| `--o †Lambdotherium Cope, 1889
| |-- †L. popoagicum (Cope, 1880)
| `-- †L. magnum
`--o †Brontotheriidae Marsh, 1873 [Titanotheriidae]
|?- †Symbrorodon
|?-o †Sphenocoelus
| |-- †S. uintensis
| `-- †S. australis (=? Protitanotherium emarginatum
|?- †Protitanops curryi Stock, 1936
|?-o †Diplacodon Marsh, 1875
| |-- †D. elatus Marsh, 1875
| `-- †D. transilvanicum (Böckh & Maty, 1876, in Böckh, 1876) [Brachydiastematherium transilvanicum Böckh & Maty, 1876, in Böckh, 1876]
|?- †Titanotherium
|?- †Eotitanotherium osborni (Peterson, 1914a) Peterson, 1914b [Diploceras osborni Peterson, 1914a]
|?- †“Sthenodectes” australis Wilson, 1977
|?- †Protitanotherium emarginatum (Hatcher, 1895) Hatcher, 1895 [Diplacodon emarginatum Hatcher, 1895]
|-- †Pakotitanops latidentatus West, 1980
|-- †Mulkrajanops moghliensis Kumar & Sahni, 1985
|--o †Eotitanops Osborn, 1907 [Telmatotherium] [Eotitanopinae]
| |-- †E. deyi Dehm & zu Oettingen-Spielberg, 1958
| |-- †E. borealis (Cope, 1880) [Telmatotherium borealis (Cope, 1880)]
| `-- †E. minima
|--o †Palaeosyops Leidy, 1870 [Limnohyops Marsh, 1890, Limnohyus Marsh, 1872, Eometarhinus Osborn, 1919] [Palaeosyopinae]
| |-- †P. paludosus Leidy, 1870
| |-- †P. fontinalis (Cope, 1873) [Limnohyus fontinalis]
| |-- †P. laevidens (Cope, 1873) [Limnohyops laevidens]
| |-- †P. robustus (Marsh, 1872) [Limnohyus robustus]
| `-- †P. laticeps Marsh, 1872 [Limnohyops laticeps]
`--+?-o †Metatelmatheriinae
| |?- †Sthenodectes incisivum (Douglass, 1909) Gregory, 1912
| `--o †Metatelmatherium Granger & Gregory, 1938 [Telmatherium; Manteoceras Douglass, 1909]
| |-- †M. cristatum Granger & Gregory, 1938
| `-- †M. ultimum (Osborn, 1908) Granger & Gregory, 1938 [Telmatherium ultimus Osborn, 1908; Manteoceras uintensis Douglass, 1909]
|--o †Dolichorhininae
| |--o †Mesatirhinus Osborn, 1908a
| | |-- †M. megarhinus (Earle, 1891a)
| | `-- †M. petersoni Osborn, 1908a
| |-- †Metarhinus fluviatalis Osborn, 1908 [possibly nomen dubium]
| |-- †Rhadinorhinus abbotti Riggs, 1912
| `-- †Dolichorhinus cornutum Hatcher, 1895 [incl. D. hyognathus (Osborn, 1890)]
`--+?-o †Embolotheriinae Osborn, 1929b [Epimanteoceratinae]
| |?- †Titanodectes
| |?- †Protembolotherium
| |--+-- †Epimanteoceras formosus
| | `-- †Dolichorhinoides angustidens
| `--+--o †Protitan
| | |-- †P. grangeri
| | `-- †P. minor
| `--+-- †Gnathotitan berkeyi
| `--+--o †Rhinotitan
| | |-- †R. mongoliensis (Wang, 1982)
| | `-- †R. kaiseni
| `--+-- †Parabrontops gobiensis
| `--+-- †Aktautitan hippopotamopus Mihlbachler, Lucas, Emry & Bayshashov, 2004
| `--+--+-- †Brachydiastematherium transsylvanicum Böckh & Maty, 1876 [sr. synon. of †Metatitan?]
| | |?- †Metatitan? reshetovi (Yanovskaya, 1980) [†Protitan reshetovi Yanovskaya, 1980]
| | |-- †Metatitan relictus Granger & Gregory, 1943 [type of †Metatitan Granger & Gregory, 1943; Metetitan Mihlbachler, Lucas, Emry & Bayshashov, 2004:24 (lapsus calami)] [incl. †Protitan khaitshinus Yanovskaya, 1980; ?Parabrontops gobiensis (Osborn, 1925)]
| | `-- †Metatitan primus
| `--+-- †“Metatitan” progressus
| |-- †Embolotherium andrewsi
| `-- †Embolotherium grangeri
`--o †Telmatheriinae [incl. Brontotheriinae; Manteoceratinae; Diplacodontinae]
|--o †Telmatherium Marsh, 1872 [Leurocephalus Osborn, Scott & Speir, 1878; “Telmatotherium” Marsh, 1880; Manteoceras Hatcher, 1895]
| |-- †T. validus Marsh, 1872 [T. validum]
| `-- †T. cultridens (Osborn, Scott & Spier, 1878) [Leurocephalus cultridens Osborn, Scott & Speir, 1878]
`--o †“Diplacodontini”
|-- †Pseudodiplacodon progressum (Peterson, 1934) [“Diplacodon” progressum Peterson, 1934]
`--+?- †Notiotitanops missisippiensis Gazin & Sullivan, 1942
`--o †“Eubrontotherina”
|--o †Duchesneodus Lucas & Schoch, 1982 [Teleodus Peterson, 1931]
| |-- †D. uintensis (Peterson, 1931) Lucas & Schoch, 1982 [Teleodus uintensis Peterson, 1931; Teleodus californicus Stock, 1935; Teleodus thyboi Bjork, 1967]
| `-- †D. primitivus (Lambe, 1908) [Megacerops primitivus Lambe, 1908]
`--+-- †Brontops robustus Marsh, 1887 [Diploclonus Marsh, 1890; ?Teleodus avus Marsh, 1890]
|-- †Menops varians Marsh, 1887 [Allops serotinus Marsh, 1887; Menodus giganteus Pomel, 1849, sensu Osborn, 1929 [nomen dubium, type lost]]
`-- †Megacerops coloradensis Leidy, 1870a [taxonomic history]
“Asian brontotheres” not treated phylogenetically:
†Arctotitan
†Bunobrontops savagei Holroyd & Ciochon, 2000
†Desmatotitan
†Dianotitan
†Hyotitan
†Microtitan
†M. mongoliensis (Osborn, 1925)
†Nanotitanops shanghuangensis (Qi & Beard, 1996) [Nanotitan Qi & Beard, 1996, preoccupied]
†Pachytitan
†Sivatitanops
Brontotheroidea incertae sedis:
†Menodus? rumelicus Toula, 1892 [nomen dubium]
†Titanotherium bohemicum Kiernik, 1913 [nomen dubium]
Reference(s):
- Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698.
- Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698.
- Gazin, C. L., 1976: Mammalian faunal zones of the Bridger Middle Eocene.
–Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology: No. 26, pp. iv-25
- Gunnell, G. F. & Yarborough, V. L., 2000: Brontotheriidae (Perissodactyla) from the Late Early and Middle Eocene (Bridgerian), Wasatch and Bridger Formations, southern Green River basin, southwestern Wyoming.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 20, #2, pp. 349-368
- Holroyd, P. A. & Ciochon, R. L., 2000: Bunobrontops savagei: A new genus and species of brontotheriid perissodactyl
from the Eocene Pondaung fauna of Myanmar.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 20, #2, pp. 408-410
- Lucas, S. G. & Schoch, R. M., 1989: European brontotheres. 485-489.
in Prothero, D. R. & Schoch, R. M., (eds.) 1989: The Evolution of Perissodactyls.
–Oxford University Press, New York, New York & Oxford, England, 1989, ix-537
- Lucas, S. G. & Schoch, R. M., 1989: Taxonomy of Duchesneodus (Brontotheriidae) from the late Eocene of North America. 490-503.
in Prothero, D. R. & Schoch, R. M., (eds.) 1989: The Evolution of Perissodactyls.
–Oxford University Press, New York, New York & Oxford, England, 1989, ix-537
- Mader, B. J., 1989: The Brontotheriidae: a systematic revision and
preliminary phylogeny of North American genera. 458-484.
in Prothero, D. R. & Schoch, R. M., (eds.) 1989: The Evolution of Perissodactyls.
–Oxford University Press, New York, New York & Oxford, England, 1989, ix-537
- McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K., (eds.) 1997: Classification of mammals – above the species level.
–Columbia University Press, New York, 1997, xii-631
- Mihlbachler, M. C., Lucas, S. G., Emry, R. J. & Bayshashov, B. U., 2004: A new brontothere (Brontotheriidae, Perissodactyla, Mammalia) from the Eocene of the Ily Basin of Kazakstan and a phylogeny of Asian "horned" brontotheres.
–American Museum Novitates: #3439, pp. 1-43
- Prothero, D. R. & Schoch, R. M., 1989: Classification of the Perissodactyla. 530-537.
in Prothero, D. R. & Schoch, R. M., (eds.) 1989: The Evolution of Perissodactyls.
–Oxford University Press, New York, New York & Oxford, England, 1989, ix-537
- Qi, T. & Beard, K. C., 1996: Nanotitan shanghuangensis, gen. et sp. nov.: The smallest known brontothere (Mammalia: Perissodactyla).
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 16, #3, pp. 578-581
- Thewissen, J. G. M., Williams, E. M. & Hussain, S. T., 2001: Eocene mammals faunas from Northern Indo-Pakistan.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 21, #2, pp. 347-366
- Zonneveld, J.-P., Gunnell, G. F. & Bartels, W. S., 2000: Early Eocene fossil vertebrates from the southwestern Green River basin,
Lincoln and Uinta Counties, Wyoming.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 20, #2, pp. 369-386
