After Patterson, 1978, McKenna & Bell, 1997, with Recent species from Nowak, 1991
<==o Manidae Gray, 1821 [taxonomic history] [Pholidota Weber, 1904 sensu stricto] (pangolins; muurahaiskävyt) |?- †Eurotamandua joresi Storch, 1981; M.Eoc. CEu. [problematic taxon, very similar to South American anteaters (Edentata: Xenarthra: Vermilindua)] |--o †Patriomanidae Szalay & Schrenk, 1998 sensu Gaudin, Emry & Pogue, 2006 | |-- †Patriomanis americana Emry, 1970; U.Eoc. NA. | `-- †Cryptomanis gobiensis Gaudin, Emry & Pogue, 2006; U.Eoc. EAs. |--o Maninae Gray, 1821 [taxonomic history] | |--o †Eomanis Storch, 1978; M.Eoc. CEu. | | |-- †E. waldi Storch, 1978 | | `-- †E. krebsi Storch & Martin, 1994 | |--o †Necromanis Filhol, 1893 [incl. †Leptomanis Filhol, 1893; †Necrodasypus Filhol, 1893; †Teutomanis Ameghino, 1905; †Galliaetatus Ameghino, 1905] ?U.Eoc., L.Olig.-U.Mioc. Eu. | | |-- †N. franconica | | `-- †N. galliae | `--o Manis Linnaeus, 1758 [taxonomic history] (muurahaiskävyt) | |?- †M. lydekkeri Trouessart | |?- †M. palaeojavanica Dubois | |-- (Paramanis) javanica Desmarest, 1822 (malayan pangolin) | `--o (Manis) Linnaeus, 1758 | |-- M. (M.) pentadactyla Linnaeus, 1758 (chinese pangolin) | `-- M. (M.) crassicaudata Gray, 1827 (indian pangolin) `--o Smutsiinae Gray, 1873 [taxonomic history] |--o Smutsia Gray, 1865; R. Af. [Smutsiini Gray, 1873] | |-- S. gigantea (Illiger, 1815) (giant ground pangolin; large African pangolin) | `-- S. temminckii (Smuts, 1832) (temminck's ground pangolin) `--o Uromanini Pocock, 1924 sensu McKenna & Bell, 1997 |-- Uromanis tetradactyla (Linnaeus, 1766) Pocock, 1924; R.Af. (long-tailed pangolin) `--o Phataginus Rafinesque, 1821 [Phataginus Rafinesque, 1815 (nomen nudum); Phatagin Gray, 1865; Triglochinopholis Fitzinger, 1872]; R. Af. `-- P. tricuspis (Rafinesque, 1821) [incl. P. longicaudata] (tree pangolin; African tree pangolin)
Alternative phylogeny after Gaudin & Wible, 1999
<==o Manidae [Pholidota sensu stricto] (pangolins; muurahaiskävyt) |?- †Eurotamandua joresi Storch, 1981; M.Eoc. CEu. |?-o †Eomanis Storch, 1978; M.Eoc. CEu. | |-- †E. waldi Storch, 1978 | `-- †E. krebsi Storch & Martin, 1994 |?-o †Necromanis Filhol, 1893 [incl. †Leptomanis Filhol, 1893; †Necrodasypus Filhol, 1893; †Teutomanis Ameghino, 1905; †Galliaetatus Ameghino, 1905] ?U.Eoc., L.Olig.-U.Mioc. Eu. | |-- †N. franconica | `-- †N. galliae |-- †Patriomanis americana Emry, 1970; U.Eoc. NA. `--o Manis Linnaeus, 1758 sensu Gaudin & Wible, 1999 (pangolins; muurahaiskävyt) |--o Smutsia Gray, 1865 [Smutsiini Gray, 1873] | |-- S. gigantea (Illiger, 1815) (giant ground pangolin; large African pangolin) | `-- S. temminckii (Smuts, 1832) (temminck's ground pangolin) `--+--o Uromaniini Pocock, 1924 | |-- Uromanis tetradactyla (Linnaeus, 1766) Pocock, 1924; R.Af. (long-tailed pangolin) | `--o Phataginus Rafinesque, 1821 [Phataginus Rafinesque, 1815 (nomen nudum); Phatagin Gray, 1865; Triglochinopholis Fitzinger, 1872]; R. Af. | `-- P. tricuspis (Rafinesque, 1821) [incl. P. longicaudata] (tree pangolin; African tree pangolin) `--o Maninae Gray, 1821 [taxonomic history] `--o Manis Linnaeus, 1758 [taxonomic history] (muurahaiskävyt) |?- †M. lydekkeri Trouessart |?- †M. palaeojavanica Dubois |-- M. (Phatages) crassicaudata Gray, 1827 (indian pangolin) `--+-- M. (Manis) pentadactyla Linnaeus, 1758 (chinese pangolin) `-- M. (Paramanis) javanica Desmarest, 1822 (malayan pangolin)
Reference(s):
- Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698 - Gaudin, T. J., Emry, R. J. & Pogue, B., 2006: A new genus and species of pangolin (Mammalia, Pholidota) from the Late Eocene of Inner Mongolia, China.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 26, #1, pp. 146-159 - Gaudin, T. J. & Wible, J. R., 1999: The Entotympanic of Pangolins and the Phylogeny of the Pholidota (Mammalia).
–Journal of Mammalian Evolution: Vol. 6, #1, pp. 39-65 - Gazin, C. L., 1976: Mammalian faunal zones of the Bridger Middle Eocene.
–Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology: No. 26, pp. iv-25 - Horovitz, I., Storch, G. & Martin, T., 2005: Ankle structure in Eocene pholidotan mammal Eomanis krebsi and its taxonomic implications.
–Acta Palaeontologica Polonica: Vol. 50, #3, pp. 545-548 [http://app.pan.pl/acta50/app50-545.pdf] - McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K., (eds.) 1997: Classification of mammals – above the species level.
–Columbia University Press, New York, 1997, xii-631 - Nowak, R. M., 1991: Walker's Mammals of the World; Part 1.
–The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1991, xlviii-642-lxiii - Nowak, R. M., 1991: Walker's mammals of the World; Part 2.
–The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1991, xii-643-1629 - Patterson, B., 1978: Pholidota and Tubulidentata. 268-278
in Maglio, V. J. & Cooke, H. B. S., (eds.) 1978: Evolution of African Mammals.
–Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England, 1978, xiv-641