After McKenna & Bell, 1997, Trajano & Farrarezzi, 1994, Ginsburg & Morales, 1998 and Tedford & Martin, 2001
<==o Ursidae Fisher de Waldheim, 1817 non? Gray, 1825 (bears; karhut) |--o †Ballusia Ginsburg & Morales, 1998 | |-- †B. elmensis (Stehlin, 1917) [Ursavus elmensis Stehlin, 1917] | `-- †B. hareni (Ginsburg, 1989) [Ursavus hareni Ginsburg, 1989] `--+--o Tremarctinae Merriam & Stock, 1925 (silmälasikarhut) | |?-o †Plionarctos Frick, 1926 | | |?- †P. sp. | | |-- †P. edensis Frick, 1926 | | `-- †P. harroldorum Tedford & Martin, 2001 [Ursus sp. cf. U. abstrusus] | `--+--o Tremarctos Gervais, 1855 | | |?- †T. floridanus | | `-- T. ornatus (Spectacled bear; silmälasikarhu) | `--+--o †Arctodus [Arctoidotherium; Arctotherium Bravard, 1857; Dinarctotherium; Pararctotherium; Proarctotherium; Pseudarctotherium; Tremarctotherium] | | |-- †A. pristinus | | |-- †A. simus (Cope) [Arctotherium simum] (short-faced bear; lyhytkuonokarhu) | | `-- †A. angustidens (Kraglievich, 1926) | `--o †Arctotherium Bravard, 1857 | |--o †(Arctotherium) | | |-- †A. (A.) bonariense | | `-- †A. (A.) latidens | `--o †Pararctotherium Ameghino, 1904 [=? Arctodus; Arctotherium] | |?- †A. (P.) enectum (Paula Couto, 1960) | |-- †A. (P.) brasiliensis (Lund, 1838) | `-- †A. (P.) pamparum Ameghino, 1904 `--+--o Ailuropodinae (isopandat) | |-- †Agriarctos | `--+--o †Agriotherium [Hyaenarctos, Lydeccerion] | | |-- †A. insigne | | `-- †A. africanum | `--+--o †Indarctos Pilgrim, 1913 | | |-- †I. salmontanus Pilgrim, 1913 | | |-- †I. lagrelii | | |-- †I. vireti Villalta & Crusafont, 1943 [Agriotherium insignis var. pontiensis Villalta & Crusafont, 1945; Indarctos arctoides vireti Thenius, 1959] | | `--+-- †I. arctoides (Depéret, 1895) | | |-- †I. atticus | | `-- †I. anthracitis | `--+-- †Ailurarctos | `--o Ailuropoda Milne-Edwards, 1870 [Aelureidopus, Ailuropus] (pandas, pandat) | |-- †A. microta (dwarf panda; kääpiöpanda) | `-- A. melanoleuca Milne-Edwards, 1870 (panda; isopanda) `--o Ursinae Fisher de Waldheim, 1817 non? Gray, 1825 (true bears; varsinaiset karhut) |--o †Ursavus Schlosser, 1899 | |-- †U. elmensis Stehlin | `--+-- †U. brevirhinus (Hofmann) | `--+-- †U. primaevus (Gaillard, 1899) | |-- †U. depereti Schlosser, 1899 | |-- †U. ehrenbergi (Brunner) | |-- †U. sylvestris Qui & Qi, 1990 | `-- †U. isorei Ginsburg & Morales, 1998 `--o Ursus [Euarctos; Helarctos; Melursus; Selenarctos; Thalarctos] (karhut) |?- †U. minimus Gervais, 1859 [U. boeckhi Schlosser, 1899] |?- †U. wenzensis Stach, 1953 |?- †U. yinanensis Li, 1993 |?- †U. abstrusus |?- U. malayanus [Helarctos malayanus] (Malayan sun bear; malajikarhu) |?- U. ursinus [Melursus ursinus] (sloth bear; huulikarhu) |--o U. thibetanus (Asiatic black bear; sepelkarhu) | |-- U. t. thibetanus | |-- †U. t. gedrosianus (belutsistaninkarhu) | |-- U. t. japonicus (japaninsepelkarhu) | `-- U. t. formosanus (formosansepelkarhu) |--o U. americanus (black bear; mustakarhu) [18 subsp.] | |-- U. a. americanus (eastern black bear; idänmustakarhu) | |-- U. a. altifrontalis (<>Britt. Kolumbia) | |-- U. a. cinnamomum (kanelikarhu) | |-- U. a. emmonsii (jäätikkökarhu) | |-- U. a. hamiltoni (Newfoundland black bear; newfoundlandinmustakarhu) | |-- U. a. kermodei (kermodeskarhu) | |-- U. a. floridanus (floridanmustakarhu) | |-- U. a. luteolus (louisiananmustakarhu) | |-- U. a. ssp. 9 | |-- U. a. ssp. 10 | |-- U. a. ssp. 11 | |-- U. a. ssp. 12 | |-- U. a. ssp. 13 | |-- U. a. ssp. 14 | |-- U. a. ssp. 15 | |-- U. a. ssp. 16 | |-- U. a. ssp. 17 | `-- U. a. ssp. 18 `--+--o U. arctos -group | `--o U. arctos (brown bear; karhu) [paraphyletic without Ursus maritimus] | |--+== U. a. arctos (Eurasian brown bear; karhu) [Euraasia] | | |?- U. maritimus (polar bear; jääkarhu) | | |-- U. a. crowtheri (Atlas bear; atlaksenkarhu) | | |-- U. a. pruinosus | | `-- U. a. isabellinus | `--+-- U. a. horribilis (grizzley; harmaakarhu) | |-- U. a. middendorffi (kodiak bear; kodiakinkarhu) | |-- †U. a. californicus (kalifornianruskeakarhu) | `-- †U. a. nelsoni (mexican brown bear; meksikonkarhu) `--o †U. spelaeus -group |-- †U. deningeri |?- †U. rossicus `--+-- †U. ‘spelaeus’ kudarensis `--+-- †U. ingressus `-- †U. spelaeus (cave bear; luolakarhu)
Reference(s):
- Carranza-Castañeda, O. & Miller, W. E., 1987: Rediscovered type specimens and other important published Pleistocene mammalian fossils from Central Mexico.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 7, #3, pp. 335-341 - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Crusafont Pairó, M. & Kurtén, B., 1976: Bears and bear-dogs from the Vallesian of the Vallés-Penedés Basin, Spain.
–Acta Zoologica Fennica: Vol. 144, #Separatum, pp. 1-29 - Geraads, D., Kaya, T. & Mayda, S., 2005: Late Miocene large mammals from Yulafli, Thrace region, Turkey, and their biogeographic implications.
–Acta Palaeontologica Polonica: Vol. 50, #3, pp. 523-544 - Ginsburg, L. & Morales, J., 1998: Les Hemicyoninae (Ursidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) et les formes apparentées du Miocène inférieur et moyet d'Europe occidentale.
[Hemicyoninae (Ursidae, Carnivora, Mammalia) and the related taxa from Early and Middle Miocene of western Europe.]
–Annales de Paléontologie: Vol. 84, #1, pp. 71-123 - McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K., eds., 1997:Classification of mammals; above the species level.
–Columbia University Press, New York, 1997. - Nagel, D., 2007: Personal communication (a lecture)
- Nowak, R. M., 1991: Walker's Mammals of the World; Part 1.
–The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1991, xlviii-642-lxiii - Nowak, R. M., 1991: Walker's mammals of the World; Part 2.
–The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1991, xii-643-1629 - Tedford, R. H. & Martin, J., 2001: Plioarctos, a tremarctine bear (Ursidae: Carnivora) from Western North America.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 21, #2, pp. 311-321 - Trajano, E. & Farrarezzi, H., 1994: A fossil bear from northeastern Brazil, with a phylogenetic analysis of the South American extinct Tremarctinae (Ursidae).
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 14, #4, pp. 552-561