After Mattern & McLennan, 2000, and Johnson, Eizirik, Pecon-Slattery, Murphy, Antunes, Teeling & O'Brien, 2006
Alternative phylogeny after Mattern & McLennan, 2000
Alternative taxonomy after Nowak, 1991, McKenna & Bell, 1997, and Amador, 1999
<==o Felinae Fischer, 1817 [incl. Acinonychinae Pocock, 1917] (small cats; “pienkissat”) |--o Pardofelis Severtzov, 1858 [incl. Profelis, in partim] | |-- P. marmorata (marmorikissa) | `--+-- P. badia (Bay cat; borneonkissa) | `--o P. temmincki [Felis (Profelis) temmincki] (aasiankultakissa) | |-- P. t. temmincki (Asian golden cat; aasiankultakissa)? | |-- P. t. tristis (Fontainer's cat; fontainerinkultakissa) | `-- P. t. dominicanorum (Spotted golden cat?; täpläkultakissa) [täplikäs muoto] `--+--o Caracal Gray, 1843 [incl. Leptailurus Severtzov, 1858, Profelis (in partim)] | |--o C. serval [Felis (Leptailurus) serval] (serval; servaali) | | |-- C. s. serval (serval; servaali) | | |-- C. s. constantina (North African serval, Algerian serval; pohjois-afrikanservaali) | | |-- C. s. togoensis (Togo serval; togonservaali) | | |-- C. s. hamiltoni (Hamilton's serval; hamiltoniservaali) | | |-- C. s. robertsi (Robert's serval; robertsinservaali) | | |-- C. s. beirae | | |-- C. s. barchyura | | |-- C. s. hindeio | | |-- C. s. ingridi | | |-- C. s. kempi | | |-- C. s. kivuensis | | |-- C. s. lipostica | | |-- C. s. lonnbergi | | `-- C. s. mababiensis | `--+--o C. aurata [Felis (Profelis) aurata] (African golden cat; afrikankultakissa) | | |-- C. a. aurata | | |-- C. a. celidogaster | | `-- C. a. cottoni | `--o C. caracal [Felis (Caracal) caracal] (aavikkoilves) | |-- C. c. michaelis (turkmenistaninaavikkoilves) | `-- C. c. schmitzi (intianaavikkoilves) `--+-- Leopardus Gray, 1842 [incl. Lynchailurus Severtzov, 1858; Oreailurus Cabrera, 1940] `--+--o Lynx Kerr, 1792 [Felis (Lynx) Kerr, 1792] | |-- †L. issiodorensis (Croizet & Jobert, 1828) [incl. Lynx shansius Teilhard, 1945; Lynx issiodorensis kurteni Schultz & Martin, 1972] [may be paraphyletic] | `--+-- †L. brevirostris Kerr, 1792 [ssp.? Lynx rufus] | |--o L. rufus (Schreber, 1777) [Felis rufus Schreber, 1777] (bobcat; punailves) | | |-- †L. r. koakudsi [pleistoseeni] | | |-- †L. r. calcaratus [pleistoseeni] | | |-- L. r. rufus (Schreber) | | |-- L. r. gigas (Bangs) | | |-- L. r. floridanus (Rafinesque) | | |-- L. r. superiorensis (Peterson & Downing) | | |-- L. r. baileyi (Merriam) | | |-- L. r. californicus (Mearns) | | |-- L. r. mohavensis (B.Anderson) | | |-- L. r. escuinipae (J. A. Allen) | | |-- L. r. fasciatus (Rafinesque) | | |-- L. r. oaxacensis (Goodwin) | | |-- L. r. pallescens (Merriam) | | |-- L. r. peninsularis (Thomas) | | `-- L. r. texensis (Mearns) | `--+--o L. canadensis Kerr, 1792 [ssp.=>L. lynx?; L. borealis] (Canadian lynx; kanadanilves) | | |-- L. c. canadensis | | |-- L. c. mollipilosus | | `-- L. c. subsolanus (Newfoundland lynx) | `--+-- L. pardinus (Temminck, 1827) [ssp.=>L. lynx?] (Iberian lynx; pantteri-ilves) | `--o L. lynx (Linnaeus, 1758) [Felis lynx Linnaeus, 1758] (lynx, ilves) | |-- L. l. lynx | |-- L. l. carpathicus | |-- L. l. martinoi | |-- L. l. dinniki | |-- L. l. wardi | |-- L. l. wrangeli | |-- L. l. isabellinus | |-- L. l. kozlovi | |-- L. l. stroganovi | `-- †L. l. sardiniae (Sardinian lynx; sardinianilves) `--+--+==o †(Miracinonyx) Adams, 1979 | | |-- †M. inexpectatus (Cope, 1895) [Acinonyx studeri] | | `--+-- †M. trumani (Orr, 1969) [Acinonyx trumani] | | `--o Acinonyx Brookes, 1828 [Cynaelurus; Schaubia; Miracinonyx] (cheetah's; gepardit) | | |?- †A. aicha Geraads, 1997 | | |?- †A. intermedius Thenius, 1954 | | |-- †A. pardinensis Croizet & Joubert, 1828 (Giant cheetah; jättigepardi) | | `--o A. jubatus (Schreber, 1775) [Felis jubata Schreber, 1775; Acinonyx venator Brookes, 1828] (cheetah; gepardi) | | |-- A. j. venaticus (Asian cheetah; aasiangepardi) | | |-- A. j. hecki (Northwest African cheetah) | | |-- A. j. raineyii (Eastern African cheetah) | | |-- A. j. jubatus (South African cheetah) | | |-- A. j. soemmeringii (Central African cheetah) | | `-- A. j. velox | `--o Puma Jardine, 1834 [Felis (Puma)] [incl. Herpailurus Severtzov, 1858] | |--+?- †P. amnicola [Felis (Herpailurus) amnicola] | | `--o P. yagouaroundi (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803) [Felis (Herpailurus) yagouaroundi] (jaguarundi; eyra cat) | | |-- P. y. ameghinoi (Holmberg, 1898) | | |-- P. y. eyra (G. Fischer, 1814) (Eyra cat) | | |-- P. y. melantho (Thomas, 1914) (East Amazonian jaguarundi) | | |-- P. y. cacomitli (Berlandier, 1859) (Gulf Coast jaguarundi, Cacomitle) | | |-- P. y. tolteca (Toltecan jaguarundi, Sinaloan jaguarundi) | | |-- P. y. fossata (Mearns, 1901) (Guatemalan jaguarundi) | | |-- P. y. panamensis (Allen, 1904) (Panamenian jaguarundi) | | `-- P. y. yagouaroundi (Geoffroy, 1803) (Geoffroy's jaguarundi, jaguarundi) | `--+?- †P. pardoides (Owen, 1846) [Felis pardoides Owen, 1846; Panthera pardoides (Owen, 1846); Panthera schaubi Viret, 1954; Viretailurus schaubi (Viret, 1954) Hemmer, 1965] (Owen's panther) | `--o P. concolor (Linnaeus, 1771) [Felis concolor Linnaeus, 1771] (cougar, puma, catamount; mountain lion; puuma) | |-- P. c. couguar (Eastern cougar; itäpuuma) | |-- P. c. schorgeri (Wisconsin cougar) | |-- P. c. missoulensis (Missoula cougar) | |-- P. c. hippolestes (Colorado cougar) | |-- P. c. oregonensis (Oregon cougar) | |-- P. c. vancouverensis (Vancouver Island cougar) | |-- P. c. californica (California cougar) | |-- P. c. kaibabensis (Kaibab cougar) | |-- P. c. browni (Yuma puma) | |-- P. c. improcera (Baja California cougar) | |-- P. c. azteca (Mexican cougar) | |-- P. c. stanleyana (Texas cougar) | |-- P. c. coryi (Florida panther; floridanpuuma) | |-- P. c. mayensis (Mayan cougar) | |-- P. c. costaricensis (Costa Rican puma) | |-- P. c. concolor (Brazilian cougar) | |-- P. c. bangsi (Colombian cougar) | |-- P. c. soderstromi (Ecuador cougar) | |-- P. c. discolor (Amazon cougar) | |-- P. c. incarum (Incan cougar) | |-- P. c. osgoodi (Bolivian cougar) | |-- P. c. acrocodia (Mato Grosso cougar) | |-- P. c. puma (Chilean puma) | |-- P. c. cabrerae (Argentine puma) | |-- P. c. pearsoni (Pearson's puma) | |-- P. c. patagonica (Patagonia puma) | `-- P. c. araucanus (Andes puma) `--+--o Felis Linnaeus, 1758 | |?- †“Felis” lunensis (Martelli, 1906) (Martelli's wild cat) | |-- F. chaus (Schreber, 1777) (Jungle cat; viidakkokissa) | `--+-- F. nigripes (Burchell, 1824) (Black-footed cat; mustajalkakissa) | `--+--o F. margarita (Loche, 1858) (Sand cat; hietakissa) | | |-- F. m. margarita (hietakissa) | | `-- F. m. scheffeli (Pakistan sand cat; pakistaninhietakissa) | `--o F. silvestris Schreber, 1777 (cat; kissa) | |--+--o F. (F.) s. ornata -group [Aasialaiset alalajit] | | | |?- F. s. bieti (Milne-Edwards, 1892) (Chinese wild cat; kiinanaavikkokissa) | | | |-- F. s. caudata (<Kaspianmeren alue>) | | | |-- F. s. ornata (<Intiasta Iraniin>) | | | `-- F. s. shawiana (<Kiina ja Mongolia>) | | `--o F. s. lybica -group [Afrikkalaiset alalajit] | | |-- F. s. brockmani (<Itä-Afrikka>) | | |-- F. s. cafra (<Eteläinen Afrikka>) | | |-- F. s. foxi (<Länsi-Afrikka>) | | |-- F. s. griselda (<Keski-Afrikka>) | | |-- F. s. lybica (African wild cat; afrikanvillikissa; aavikkokissa) (<Pohjois-Afrikka>) | | |-- F. s. ocreata (<Itäinen Keski-Afrikka>) | | `-- F. s. pyrrhus (<Läntinen Keski-Afrikka>) | `--+-- F. s. catus Linnaeus, 1758 (domestic cat; kesykissa) | `--o F. s. silvestris [Eurooppalaiset alalajit] | |-- †s. cretensis (Kreeta) (presumed extinct) | |-- F. s. caucasia (<Kaukasusvuoristo ja Turkki>) | |-- F. s. grampia (<Pohjois- ja Länsi-Skotlanti>) | |-- F. s. jordansi (<Baleaarit>) | |-- F. s. reyi (<Korsika>) | |-- F. s. sarda (<Sardinia & Sisilia>) | |-- F. s. silvestris Schreber, 1777 (European wild cat; metsäkissa) (<Eurooppa>) | `-- F. s. tartessia (<Iberian niemimaa>) `--+--o Otocolobus manul (Pallas, 1776) Brandt, 1841 [Felis manul Pallas, 1776] (Manul, Pallas's cat; arokissa) | |-- O. m. manul (Pallas, 1776) | |-- O. m. ferruginea (Ognev, 1928) | `-- O. m. nigripecta (Hodgson, 1842) `--o Prionailurus Severtzov, 1858 [Felis Linnaeus, 1758 in partim] |--o P. rubiginosa Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1831 (Rusty-spotted cat; ruostetäpläkissa) | |-- P. r. rubiginosa (Rusty-spotted cat; ruostetäpläkissa) | `-- P. r. phillipsi (Ceylan Rusty-spotted cat; ceyloninruostetäpläkissa) `--+-- P. viverrinus (Bennett, 1833) (Fishing cat; kalastajakissa) `--+-- P. planiceps (Vigors & Horsfield, 1827) (Flat-headed cat; litteäpääkissa) `--o P. bengalensis (Kerr, 1792) [Felis bengalensis Kerr, 1792; Felis pardachrous Brian Houghton Hodgson, 1844] (Leopard cat; leopardikissa) |-- P. b. alleni (Sody, 1949) (Hainan Island leopard cat; hainaninleopardikissa) |-- P. b. bengalensis (Indian Leopard cat; intianleopardikissa) |-- P. b. chinensis (Gray 1837) (Chinese Leopard cat; kiinanleopardikissa) |-- P. b. heaneyi (Groves 1997) (Palawan island lepard cat; palawaninleopardikissa) |?- P. b. minutus (Philippine Leopard cat; filippiinienleopardikissa) |-- P. b. borneoensis (Brongersma 1936) (Borneo Leopard cat; borneonleopardikissa) |-- P. b. javaensis (Desmarest, 1816) (Java Leopard cat; jaavanleopardikissa) |-- P. b. sumatraensis (Horsfield 1821) (Sumatra Leopard cat; sumatranleopardikissa) |-- P. b. manchurica (Manchurian Leopard cat; amurinleopardikissa) |-- P. b. iriomotensis (Imaizumi, 1967) [Mayailurus iriomotensis Imaizumi, 1967] (iriomotenkissa) |-- P. b. euptailura (Elliott 1871) (Amur leopard cat; amurinlepardikissa) |-- P. b. horsfieldi (Gray 1842) (Himalayan leopard cat; himalajanlepardikissa) |?- P. b. trevelyani (Pocock 1939) `-- P. b. rabori (Groves 1997) (Visayan leopard cat)
Note:This tree is based on the analysis done by Mattern & McLennan. After Mattern & McLennan, 2000
<==o Felinae
`--o Felis
|?- (Oreailurus) jacobita
|--o (Leopardus)
| |--+-- F. (L.) pardalis
| | `-- F. (L.) wiedii
| `--+--+-- F. (L.) geoffroyi
| | `-- F. (L.) guigna
| `--+-- F. (L.) tigrinus
| `-- (Lynchailurus) colocolo
`--+--+--o (Lynx)
| | |?- †F. (L.) issiodorensis
| | |?- †F. (L.) brevirostris
| | |-- F. (L.) rufus
| | `--+-- F. (L.) canadensis
| | `--+-- F. (L.) pardina
| | `-- F. (L.) lynx
| `--+--o (Herpailurus)
| | |-- †F. (?H.) amnicola
| | `-- F. (H.) yagouaroundi
| `==o (Puma)
| |-- †F. (Puma) pardoides
| `--+-- (Puma) concolor
| `==o †(Miracinonyx)
| |-- †F. (M.) inexpectatus
| `--+-- †F. (M.) trumani
| `--o Acinonyx
| |?- †A. aicha
| |?- †A. intermedius
| `--+-- †A. pardinensis
| `-- A. jubatus
`--+--o (Pardofelis)
| |-- F. (P.) marmorata
| `-- F. (P.) badia
|--o (Profelis)
| |-- F. (P.) aurata
| `-- F. (P.) temmincki
`--+--+--o (Otocolobus)
| | |-- F. (O.) manul
| | `-- F. (O.) rubiginosa
| `--o (Felis)
| |?- F. (F.) bieti
| |-- F. (F.) nigripes
| `--+-- F. (F.) chaus
| `--+--+-- F. (F.) margarita
| | `-- F. (F.) silvestris
| `--+-- F. (F.) lybica
| `-- F. (F.) catus
`--+--o (Prionailurus)
| |-- F. (P.) viverrina
| `--+-- F. (P.) planiceps
| `-- F. (P.) bengalensis
`--+-- (Leptailurus) serval
`-- (Caracal) caracal
Reference(s):
|
Alternative taxonomic semiphylogeny after Nowak, 1991, McKenna & Bell, 1997, and Amador, 1999
<==o Felinae
`--o Felis
|?- †(Sivafelis) obscura
|--o (Felis) Linnaeus, 1758
| |-- F. (F.) bieti
| |-- F. (F.) chaus
| |-- F. (F.) nigripes
| |-- F. (F.) margarita
| `-- F. (F.) silvestris
|-- (Otocolobus) manul
|--+-- (Caracal) caracal
| `--o (Lynx)
| |-- †F. (L.) issiodorensis
| `--+-- †F. (L.) brevirostris
| |-- F. (L.) rufus
| |-- F. (L.) canadensis
| |-- F. (L.) pardina
| `-- F. (L.) lynx
|-- (Leptailurus) serval
|--o (Pardofelis)
| |-- F. (P.) marmorata
| `-- F. (P.) badia
|--o (Profelis)
| |-- F. (P.) aurata
| `-- F. (P.) temmincki
|--+-- (Mayailurus) iriomotensis
| `--o (Prionailurus) Severtzov, 1858
| |-- F. (P.) bengalensis
| |-- F. (P.) rubiginosa
| |-- F. (P.) viverrina
| `-- F. (P.) planiceps
|-- (Lynchailurus) colocolo
|--o (Leopardus)
| |-- F. (L.) pardalis
| |-- F. (L.) tigrinus
| |-- F. (L.) wiedii
| |-- F. (L.) geoffroyi
| `-- F. (L.) guigna
|-- (Oreailurus) jacobita
|--o (Herpailurus)
| |?- †F. (?H.) amnicola
| `-- F. (H.) yagouaroundi
`--+--o †(Miracinonyx)
| |-- †F. (M.) inexpectatus
| `-- †F. (M.) trumani
`--o (Puma)
|?- †F. (P.) pardoides
`-- F. (P.) concolor
|
Reference(s):
- Amador, A. G., 1999: Felidae.
–iNet: http://www.il-st-acad-sci.org/mammals/cat001.html - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Gentry, A., Clutton-Brock, J. & Groves, C. P., 1996: Case 3010: Proposed conservation of usage of 15 mammal specific names based on wild species which are antedated by or contemporary with those based on domestic animals.
–Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature: Vol. 53, #1, pp. 28-37 - Johnson, W. E., Eizirik, E., Pecon-Slattery, J., Murphy, W. J., Antunes, A., Teeling, E. & O'Brien, S. J., 2006: The Late Miocene Radiation of Modern Felidae: A Genetic Assessment.
–Science: Vol. 311, #5757, pp. 73-77 [doi: 10.1126/science.1122277] - Kurtén, B., 1978: The Lynx from Etouaires, Lynx issiodorensis (Croizet & Jobert), Late Pliocene.
–Annales Zoologici Fennici: Vol. 15, pp. 314-322 - McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K., (eds.) 1997: Classification of mammals – above the species level.
–Columbia University Press, New York, 1997, xii-631 - Nowak, R. M., 1991: Walker's Mammals of the World; Part 1.
–The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 1991, xlviii-642-lxiii - Salesa, M. J., Antón, M., Morales, J. & Peigné, S., 2012: Systematics and phylogeny of the small felines (Carnivora, Felidae) from the Late Miocene of Europe: a new species of Felinae from the Vallesian of Batallones (MN 10, Madrid, Spain).
–Journal of Systematic Palaeontology: Vol. 10, #1, pp. 87-102 [doi: 10.1080/14772019.2011.566584] - Savage, R. J. G., 1978: Carnivora. 249-267
in Maglio, V. J. & Cooke, H. B. S., (eds.) 1978: Evolution of African Mammals.
–Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, London, England, 1978, xiv-641 - Tamada, T., Siriaroonrat, B., Subramaniam, V., Hamachi, M., Lin, L.-K., Oshida, T., Rerkamnuaychoke, W. & Masuda, R., 2008: Molecular Diversity and Phylogeography of the Asian Leopard Cat, Felis bengalensis, Inferred from Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal DNA Sequences.
–Zoological Science: Vol. 25, #2, pp. 154-163 [doi: 10.2108/zsj.25.154] - van Valkenburgh, B., Grady, F. V. & †Kurtén, B., 1990: The Plio-Pleistocene cheetah-like cat Miracinonyx inexpectatus of North America.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 10, #4, pp. 434-454