After Gingerich et al., 2001 and Thewissen et al., 2001
Alternative [older] phylogeny of “Paraxonia” after O'Leary, 1998.
<==o “Paraxonia” (sorkkaeläintensukuiset ungulaatit; artiodactyl-like ungulates; even-toed ungulates) |?- †Olsenia Matthew & Granger, 1925 |-- †Andrewsarchus mongoliensis Osborn, 1924 `--+--o †Triisodontidae Trouessart, 1904 [Arctocyonidae: Triisodontinae] | |--o †Goniacodon Scott, 1892 | | |-- †G. hiawathae Van Valen, 1978 | | `-- †G. levisanus (Cope, 1883) | `--+--o †Eoconodon Matthew & Granger, 1921; U.Pal. WNA. | | |-- †E. nidhoggi Van Valen, 1978 | | |-- †E. gaudrianus (Cope, 1888) | | |-- †E. sp. cf. E. gaudrianus [Clemens & Williamson, 2005] | | |-- †E. ginibitohia Clemens & Williamson, 2005 [E. sp. cf. E. copanus Williamson & Lucas, 1993; E. sp. nov. Williamson, 1996] | | |-- †E. coryphaeus (Cope, 1855) [Mioclaenus bathygnathus; Triisodon biculminatus] | | `-- †E. copanus Van Valen, 1978 | `--+-- †Stelocyon arctylos Gingerich, 1978 | `--o †Triisodon Cope, 1881 | |-- †T. quivirensis Cope, 1881 | `-- †T. crassicuspis (Cope, 1882) `--+?- †Microclaenodon assurgens Scott, 1892 `--+-- †Mesonychia Van Valen, 1966 [Acreodi] (mesonykit; mesonychians) `--o Cetartiodactyla Montgelard et al., 1997 `-- Artiodactyla Owen, 1848 [incl. Cetacea Brisson, 1762] (sorkkaeläimet; artiodactyls and whales)
After O'Leary, 1998, and McKenna & Bell, 1997<==o “Paraxonia” |-- Artiodactyla `--o Cete sensu lato |?- †Olsenia |-- †Andrewsarchus `--+--o †Triisodontidae | |-- †Goniacodon | `--+-- †Eoconodon | `--+-- †Triisodon | `-- †Stelocyon `--+?- †Microclaenodon `--o Cete sensu stricto |-- †Mesonychia `-- Cetacea |
Reference(s):
- Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix. 594-648.
in Carroll, R. L., 1988: Vertebrate paleontology and evolution.
–W. H. Freeman and company, New York, 1988, 698. - Gazin, C. L., 1976: Mammalian faunal zones of the Bridger Middle Eocene.
–Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology: No. 26, pp. iv-25 - Clemens, W. A. & Williamson, T. E., 2005: A new species of Eoconodon (Triisodontidae, Mammalia) from the San Juan basin, New Mexico.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 25, #1, pp. 208-213 - Geisler, J. H. & Uhen, M. D., 2003: Morphological support for a close relationship between hippos and whales.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 23, #4, pp. 991-996 - Gingerich, P. D., ul Hag, M., Zalmout, I. S., Khan, I. H. & Malkani, M. S., 2001: Origin of whales from early artiodactyls: Hands and feet of Eocene Protocetidae from Pakistan.
–Science: Vol. 293, pp. 2239-2242 - Madar, S. I., Thewissen, J. G. M. & Hussain, S. T., 2002: Additional holotype remains of Ambulocetus natans (Cetacea, Ambulocetidae), and their implications for locomotion in early whales.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 22, #2, pp. 405-422 - McKenna, M. C. & Bell, S. K., (eds.) 1997: Classification of mammals – above the species level.
–Columbia University Press, New York, 1997, xii-631 - O'Leary, M. A., 1998: Phylogenetic and morphometric reassessment of the dental evidence for a mesonychian and cetacean clade.
in Thewissen, J. G. M. (ed.), 1998: The Emergency of Whales.
–Plenum Press, New York, 1998. - O'Leary, M. A., 1998: Morphology of the humerus of Hapalodectes (Mammalia, Mesonychia).
–American Museum Novitates: #3242, November 5, pp. 1-6. - O'Leary, M. A., Lucas, S. G. & Williamson, T. E., 2000: A new specimen of Ankalagon (Mammalia), Mesonychia) and evidence of sexual dimorphism in mesonychians.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 20, #2, pp. 387-393 - Thewissen, J. G. M., Cooper, L. N., Clementzm M. T., Bajpai, S. & Tiwari, B. N., 2007: Whales originated from aquatic artiodactyls in the Eocene epoch of India.
–Nature: Vol. 450, 20/27 December 2007, pp. 1190-1194 [doi: 10.1038/nature06343] - Thewissen, J. G. M., Williams, E. M., Roe, L. J. & Hussain, S. T., 2001: Skeletons of terrestrial cetaceans and relationship of whales to artiodactyls.
–Nature: Vol. 413, pp. 277-281