After Herrera-Flores, Stubbs, Elsler & Benton, 2018 (fig. 3(1)
<==o Sphenodontida Estes, 1983 sensu Wu, 1994 [Rhynchocephalia Günther, 1867] (Sphenodontians; alkuliskot) |-- †Gephyrosaurus bridensis Evans, 1980 [paraphyletic Gephyrosauridae] `--o Sphenodontia Williston, 1925 |?- †Diphydontosaurus avonis Whiteside, 1986 [paraphyletic Gephyrosauridae] (not treated by Herrera-Flores et al. (2018)] |--o †Planocephalosaurus Fraser, 1982 [paraphyletic Gephyrosauridae] | |-- †P. robinsonae Fraser, 1982 | `-- †P. lucasi Heckert, 2004 `--+-- †Rebbanasaurus jaini Evans, Prasad & Manhas, 2001 |-- †Pelecymala robustus Fraser, 1986 [=? Rebbanasaurus; Pelecymela (lapsus calami)] |--+-- †Sphenocondor gracilis Apesteguía, Gómez & Rougier, 2012 | `-- †Godavarisaurus leteefi Evans, Prasad & Manhas, 2001 `--o Eusphenodontia Herrera-Flores, Stubbs, Elsler & Benton, 2018 |-- †Polysphenodon mulleri Jaekel, 1911 [Polysphenodontinae Kuhn, 1969] `--+--o †Clevosauridae Bonaparte & Sues, 2006 [“Clevosaurinae” sensu Wu, 1994] | |-- †Brachyrhinodon taylori v. Huene, 1910 | `--o †Clevosaurus Swinton, 1939 [Clevosaurus sensu Murry, 1987] [incl. Asiacephalosaurus; Rarojugalosaurus; Dianosaurus Young, 1982] L.Trias.-E.Jur. WEu. ENAm. EAs. | |?- †C. convallis Säilä, 2005 | |?- †C. minor Fraser, 1988 | |?- †C.? sp. [South Africa] [Gow & Raath, 1977] | |?- †C. sp. [South Africa] [Sues & Reisz, unpubl. data (Sues, Shubin & Olson, 1994)] | |?- †c. brasiliensis Bonaparte & Sues, 2006 | `--+--+-- †C. petilus (Young, 1982) [Dianosaurus petilus Young, 1982] | | `-- †C. hudsoni Swinton, 1939 | `--+?- †C. wangi Wu, 1994 [Asiacephalosaurus wangi (Wu)] | |-- †C. bairdi Sues, Shubin & Olsen, 1994 [was C. sp. (Sues, Shubin & Olsen)] | `-- †C. mcgilli Wu, 1994 [Rarojugalosaurus mcgilli] `--o Neosphenodontia Herrera-Flores, Stubbs, Elsler & Benton, 2018 |--o †Homoeosaurus Meyer, 1850 [Homaeosauridae] | |?- †H. pulchellus | |-- †H. maximiliani | `-- †H. solnhofeni Cocude-Michel, 1963 `--+--o Sapheosauridae [Sphenodontidae: “Sapheosaurini”] | |--o †Sapheosaurus von Meyer, 1850 [Piocormus] | | |-- †S. thiollierei Meyer, 1850 | | `-- †S. laticeps Wagner [Piocormus laticeps] | `--o †Kallimodon Cocude-Michel, 1963 | |-- †K. pulchellus [= Homoeosaurus pulchellus??] | `-- †K. cerinesis `--+--o Opisthodontia Apesteguia & Novas, 2003 | |-- †Fraserosphenodon latidens (Fraser, 1993) Herrera-Flores, Stubbs, Elsler & Benton, 2018 [†Clevosaurus sp. Fraser, 1988; Clevosaurus latidens Fraser, 1993] | `--+--+-- †Opisthias rarus Gilmore, 1910 [Theretarius antiquus Simpson, 1926 (juv.)]; U.Jur. SWNAm. | | `--o †Kawasphenodon Apesteguia, 2005; U.Cret.-L.Paleoc. SAm. | | |-- †K. expectatus Apesteguia, 2005 | | `-- †K. peligrensis Apesteguía, Gómez & Rougier, 2014 | `--o †Eilenodontini Rasmussen & Callison, 1981 [Eilenodontinae Rasmussen & Callison, 1981] | |-- †Sphenotitan leyesi Martinez, Apaldetti, Colombi, Praderio, Fernandez, Malnis, Correa, Abelin & Alcober, 2013 | `==o †Priosphenodon Apesteguia & Novas, 2003 | |-- †Priosphenodon avelasi Apesteguia & Novas, 2003 | |-- †Priosphenodon minimus Apesteguia & Carballido, 2014 | `--+-- †Eilenodon robustus Rasmussen & Callison, 1981 | `--+-- †Toxolophosaurus cloudi Olson, 1960 [non Throckmorton, Hopson & Parks, 1981] | `?- †Kaikaifilusaurus calvoi Simon & Kellner, 2003 (not treated by Herrera-Flores et al. (2018)] `--+--o †Pleurosauridae Lydekker, 1888 | |-- †Palaeopleurosaurus posidonae Carroll, 1985 | `--o †Pleurosaurus von Meyer, 1831 | |-- †P. goldfussi von Meyer, 1831 | `-- †P. ginsburgi Fabre, 1974 `--o Sphenodontidae Cope, 1896 [1870] sensu stricto (Herrera-Flores et al. (2018)) [Sphenodontinae (Cope, 1896 [1870]) Nopcsa, 1928 sensu Wu, 1994] |-- †Pamizinsaurus tlayuaensis Reynoso, 1997 `--+--+-- †Zapatadon ejidoensis Reynoso & Clark, 1998 | |-- †Derasmosaurus pietraroiae Barbera & Macuglia, 1988 [Chometokadmon Costa, 1864 (in partim)] L.Cret. SEu. | |-- †Oenosaurus muehlheimensis Rauhut, Heyng, López-Arbarello & Hecker, 2012 | `-- †Ankylosphenodon pachyostosus Reynoso, 2000 `--o Sphenodontini Cope, 1896 [1870] |--o Sphenodon Gray, 1831 (tuataras; tuatarat) | |?- cf. †S. sp. E.Mioc. NZ. (Jones et al., 2009) | |?- †S. diversum Colenso, 1885 | `--o S. punctatus (Gray, 1842) (tuatara) | |-- †S. p. reischeki (South Island tuatara; eteläsaaren tuatara) | |-- S. p. guentheri Buller, 1877 (Cook Strait tuatara; Brothers Island tuatara; pikkutuatara; cookinsalmentuatara) | `-- S. p. punctatus (Gray, 1842) (North island tuatara; Nortern tuatara; poohjoissaaren tuatara, isotuatara) `--+-- †Cynosphenodon huizachalensis Reynoso, 1996 `--+-- †Sphenovipera jimmysjoyi Reynoso, 2005; M.Jur. SWNAm. `-- †Theretairus antiquus Simpson, 1926; U.Jur. NAm.
Sphenodontia incertae sedis:
Sphenodontians yet unassignated to phylogeny.
†Sphenodontia genera et species indet. [Richmond basin, Virginia, USA]
†Sphenodontidae gen. et sp. indet. [Evans & Sigogneau-Russell, 1997] [Early Cretaceous, Western North Africa]
†Sphenodontidae gen. et sp. indet. [CMSN 5639] [Cau, Baiano & Raia, 2014] [Early Cretaceous, Pietraroia, Italy]
†Sphenodontidae gen. et sp. indet. [MPN A01/82] [Cau, Baiano & Raia, 2014] [Early Cretaceous, Pietraroia, Italy]
†Elachistosuchus hueni Janensch, 1949; U.Trias. CEu. [Elachistosuchoidea v. Huene, 1956; Elachistosuchidae Romer, 1966]
†Lamarquesaurus cabazai Apesteguia & Rougier, 2007; U.Cret. SAm.
†Leptosaurus Fitzinger, 1837
†Leptosaurus neptunius Fitzinger, 1837
†Leptosaurus pulchellus Zittel 1887
†Paleollanosaurus fraseri Heckert, 2004
†Sigmala sigmala Fraser, 1986 [Sigmala sigmala Fraser & Walkden, 1983 (nomen nudum)]; U.Trias. WEu.
†Tingitana anoualae Evans & Sigogneau-Russell, 1997; L. Cret. WNAf.
†Whitakersaurus bermani Heckert, Lucas, Rinehart & Hunt, 2008: L.Trias. SWNAm.
Alternative phylogenies of Sphenodontia
After Wu, 1994, Evans et al., 2001, Apesteguia & Novas, 2003, Bonaparte & Sues, 2006, and Apesteguia & Carballido, 2014 (old Archive combine tree)<==o Sphenodontida |-- †Gephyrosaurus `--o Sphenodontia |-- †Diphydontosaurus `--+-- †Planocephalosaurus |--o †Pleurosauridae | |-- †Palaeopleurosaurus | `-- †Pleurosaurus `--o Sphenodontidae |-- †Rebbanasaurus `--+--+-- †Sphenocondor | `-- †Godavarisaurus `--+--o †Clevosauridae | |-- †Polysphenodon | `--+-- †Brachyrhinodon | `-- †Clevosaurus `--o Sphenodontidae |-- †Homoeosaurus `--+-- †Kallimodon `--+--o “Sapheosaurini” | |-- †Ankylosphenodon | `-- †Sapheosaurus `--+-- †Pamizinsaurus `--+--o Sphenodontinae | |--+-- †Zapatadon | | |-- †Derasmosaurus | | `-- †Oenosaurus | `--o Sphenodontini | |-- †Cynosphenodon | |-- Sphenodon | `--+-- †Sphenovipera | `--+-- †Theretairus | `-- †Kawasphenodon `--o Opisthodontia |-- †Opisthias `--o †Eilenodontini |--+-- †Kaikaifilusaurus | `-- †Toxolophosaurus `--+-- †Eilenodon `-- †Priosphenodon |
After Apesteguia & Carballido, 2014<==o Rhynchocephalia |-- †Gephyrosaurus `--o Sphenodontia |-- †Diphydontosaurus `--+-- †Planocephalosaurus `--+-- †Rebbanasaurus `--+--+-- †Sphenocondor | `-- †Godavarisaurus `--+--+-- †Brachyrhinodon | `-- †Clevosaurus `--+-- †Palaeopleurosaurus `--+--+-- †Kallimodon | `-- †Sapheosaurus `--+-- †Theretairus |-- †Sphenovipera `--+-- †Homoeosaurus |-- †Zapatodon |-- †Cynosphenodon |-- Sphenodon |-- †Ankylosphenodon `--o †Opisthodontia |-- †Kawasphenodon |-- †Opisthias `--o †Eilenodontinae |-- †Toxolophosaurus |-- †Eilenodon `-- †Priosphenodon Reference(s):
|
After Rauhut, Heyng, López-Arbarello & Hecker, 2012<==o Rhynchocephalia |-- †Gephyrosaurus `--o Sphenodontia |-- †Diphydontosaurus `--+-- †Planocephalosaurus `--o Sphenodontidae |--+-- †Homoeosaurus | `--o “Clevosaurs” | |-- †Brachyrhinodon | |-- †Clevosaurus hudsoni | `-- †Clevosaurus wangi `--+--o †Pleurosauridae | |-- †Palaeopleurosaurus | `-- †Pleurosaurus `--+--+-- †Kallimodon | `-- †Sapheosaurus `--+--o Sphenodontinae | |-- Sphenodon | `--+-- †Oenosaurus | `--+-- †Cynosphenodon | `-- †Zapatodon `--o †Opisthodontia |-- †Opisthias `--o †Eilenodontinae |-- †Toxolophosaurus `--+-- †Eilenodon `-- †Priosphenodon Reference(s):
|
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