After Olson, 1975, 1985, Sibley & Monroe, 1990, Feduccia, 1980, 1996, Kurochkin, 2000, Peterson, 2002-2004, and Olson & Matsuoka, 2005, with Finnish vernacular names from Lokki, Jännes & Nikander, 1992
After Olson, 1985, Sibley & Monroe, 1990, Feduccia, 1996 and
<==o Fregatidae Garrod, 1874 [non Degland & Gerbe 1867] (frigatebirds; kaapparit) |--o †Limnofregatinae Olson, 1977 | |?- †Volgavis marina Nesov & Yarkov, 1989 sensu Kurochkin, 2000, L. Pal. CAs. [is a Graculavid charadriomorph?? (Hope, 2002)] | `--o †Limnofregata Olson, 1977 | |-- †L. azygosternon Olson, 1977 | `-- †L. hasegawai Olson & Matsuoka, 2005 `--o Fregatinae (Garrod, 1874) (nykykaapparit) `--o Fregata Lacépède, 1799 (kaapparit) |-- F. aquila (Linnaeus, 1758) (atlantinkaappari) |-- F. andrewsi Mathews, 1914 (joulusaartenkaappari) |-- F. magnificens Mathews, 1914 (isokaappari) |--o F. minor (Gmelin, 1789) (kaappari) | |-- F. m. aldabrensis Mathews 1914 | |-- F. m. minor (Gmelin, 1789) | |-- F. m. nicolli Mathews, 1914 | |-- F. m. palmerstoni (Gmelin, 1789) | `-- F. m. ridgwayi Mathews, 1914 `--o F. ariel (GR Gray, 1845) (pikkukaappari) |-- F. a. ariel (GR Gray, 1845) |-- F. a. iredalei Mathews, 1914 `-- F. a. trinitatis Ribeiro, 1919 (trinidadinkaappari)
Reference(s):
- Feduccia, A., 1980: The Age of Birds.
–Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England, 1980, IX-196 - Feduccia, A., 1997: The Origin and Evolution of Birds.
–Yale University Press, New Haven, 1996, x-420 - Kurochkin, E. N., 2000: Mesozoic birds of Mongolia and the former USSR. 533-559
in Benton, M. J., Shishkin, M. A., Unvin, D. M. & Kurochkin, E. N., (eds.) 2000: The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia.
–Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2000 xxxix-696 - Olson, S. L., 1975: Paleornithology of St. Helena Island, South Atlantic Ocean.
–Smithsonian Contributions to Baleobiology: Vol. 23, pp. iv-49 - Olson, S. L., 1985: The fossil record of birds. 79-239.
in Farner, D., King, J. & Parkes, K. (eds.), 1985: Avian Biology. vol VIII.
–Academic Press, New York. 1985. - Olson, S. L. & Matsuoka, H., 2005: New specimens of the early Eocene frigatebrid Limnofregata (Pelecaniformes: Fregatidae), with the description of a new species. –Zootaxa: #1046, pp. 1-15
- Peterson, A. P., 2002-2011: Zoonomen Nomenclatural data of Birds. (Updated: 2011-10-27)
–iNet: Zoonomen Nomenclatural data: http://www.zoonomen.net/avtax/frame.html; [visited: 2011-12-07] - Sibley, C. G. & Monroe, B. L., 1990: Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world.
–Yale University Press, New Haven & London, 1990. xxiv-1111.