After Olson, 1985, Sibley & Monroe, 1990, Feduccia, 1980, 1996, Alvarenga & Guilherme, 2003, and Peterson, 2002-2004, with Finnish vernacular names from Lokki, Jännes & Nikander, 1992
<==o Anhingidae Reichenbach, 1849 (darters; käärmekaulat) |?- †Protoplotus beauforti |?-o †Macranhinga Noriega, 1992, U. Mio. L. Plio. SA. (giant snake-birds; jättikäärmekaulat) | |-- †M. paranensis Noriega, 1992 | `-- †M. ranzii Alvarenga & Guilherme, 2003 |?- †Meganhinga chilensis Alvarenga, 1995 `--o Anhinga Brisson, 1760 [Plotus] (snake-birds; käärmekaulat) |-- †A. pennonica |-- †A. hadarensis |-- †A. laticeps |-- †A. subvolans (Brodkorb) Becker, 1986 [“Phalacrocorax” subvolans Brodkorb] |-- A. rufa (Daudin, 1802) (african snake-bird; afrikankäärmekaula) |--o A. melanogaster Pennant, 1769 [Plotus melanogaster] (indian darter; indian snake-bird; intiankäärmekaula) | |-- A. m. melanogaster Pennant, 1769 | `-- A. m. vulsini Bangs, 1918 |-- A. novaehollandiae (Gould, 1847) (australia snake-bird; australiankäärmekaula) `--+?- †A. fraileyi Campbell, 1996 |?- †A. grandis Martin & Mengel, 1975 |?- †A. minuta Alvarenga & Guilherme, 2003 `--o A. anhinga (Linnaeus, 1766) (american snake-bird; amerikankäärmekaula) |-- A. a. anhinga (Linnaeus, 1766) `-- A. a. leucogaster (Vieillot. 1816)
Reference(s):
- Alvarenga, H. M. F. & Guilherme, E., 2003: The anhingas (Aves: Anhingidae) from the Upper Tertiary (Miocene-Pliocene) of southwestern Amazonia.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 23, #3, pp. 614-621 - Feduccia, A., 1980: The Age of Birds.
–Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England, 1980, IX-196 - Feduccia, A., 1997: The Origin and Evolution of Birds.
–Yale University Press, New Haven, 1996, - Olson, S. L., 1985: The fossil record of birds. 79-239.
in Farner, D., King, J. & Parkes, K. (eds.), 1985: Avian Biology. vol VIII.
–Academic Press, New York. 1985. - Peterson, A. P., 2002-2011: Zoonomen Nomenclatural data of Birds. (Updated: 2011-10-27)
–iNet: Zoonomen Nomenclatural data: http://www.zoonomen.net/avtax/frame.html; [visited: 2011-12-07] - Sibley, C. G. & Monroe, B. L., 1990: Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world.
–Yale University Press, New Haven & London, 1990. xxiv-1111.