After Olson, 1975, 1985, Feduccia, 1980, 1996, Livezay, 1998, and Sibley & Monroe, 1990
<==o Porphyriornithini Reichenbach, 1849 sensu Livezey, 1998 |-- †Aphanocrex podarces Wetmore, 1963 [Atlantisia podarces (Wetmore, 1963) Olson, 1975] (santhelenansulttaanikana; St. Helena swamphen) |--o Porphyrula Blyth, 1852 [Gallinula] (vähäsulttaanikanat; lesser swamphens) | |-- P. flavirostris (Gmelin, 1789) (amazonianliejukana; azure swamphen) | |-- P. alleni (Thompson, 1842) (kurnuliejukana; Allen's swamphen) | `-- P. martinica (Linnaeus, 1766) (siniliejukana; American swamphen) `---o Porphyrio Brisson, 1760 (sulttaanikanat) |?- P. hochstetteri (eteläsaarentakahe; South Island takahe) |--o †(Notornis) Owen, 1848 (takahet; takahes) | |-- †P. (N.) kukweidei (uudenkaledoniansulttaanikana; uudenkaledoniantakahe; New Caledonian takahe) | `-- †P. (N.) mantelli (pohjoissaarentakahe; North Island takahe) `--o (Porphyrio) Brisson, 1760 (sulttaanikanat) |-- †P. albus (White, 1790) [P. p. albus] (lordhowensaarensulttaanikana; Lord Howe Island swamphen) |-- †P. paepae Steadman, 1988 (marquessaartensulttaanikana; Marquesan swamphen) `--o P. porphyrio (Linnaeus, 1758) (sulttaanikana) |-- P. p. bellus Gould, 1840 (länsiaustralian sulttaanikana; West Australian swamphen) |-- P. p. indicus Horsfield, 1821 [incl. P. p. palliatus] (indonesiansultaanikana; Indonesian swamphen) |-- P. p. samoensis Peale, 1848 [incl. P. p. pelewensis, P. p. vitiensis, P. p. aneiteumensis and P. p. "tongensis"] (samoansulttaanikana; Samoan swamphen) |-- P. p. pulverulentus Temminck, 1826 (filippiiniensulttaanikana; brown-backed swamphen, Philippine swamphen) |-- P. p. porphyrio (Linnaeus, 1758) (välimerensulttaanikana, sulttaanikana; Miditerranean swamphen, purple swamphen) |-- P. p. poliocephalus (Latham, 1801) [incl. P. p. seistanicus] (intiansulttaanikana; ashy-headed swamphen, Indian swamphen) |-- P. p. madagascariensis (Latham, 1801) [incl. P. p. aegyptiacus] (afrikansulttaanikana; African swamphen) |-- P. p. viridis Begbie, 1834 [incl. P. p. edwardsi] (Malakansulttaanikana; Malaysian swamphen) |-- P. p. ellioti Salvadori, 1879 [incl. P. p. neobritanicus and P. p. caledonicus] (amiraattisaartensulttaanikana; Admiralty Islands swamphen) |-- P. p. melanotus Temminck, 1820 [incl. P. p. stanleyi, P. p. fletcherae, P. p. "norfolkensis" and P. p. chathamensis] (itäaustraliansulttaanikana; Australasian swamphen, Eastern swamphen) `-- P. p. melanopterus Bonaparte, 1856 [incl. P. p. mertoni] (molukkiensulttaanikana; Moluccan swamphen)
Reference(s):
- Feduccia, A., 1980: The Age of Birds.
–Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England, 1980, IX-196 - Feduccia, A., 1996: The Origin and Evolution of Birds.
–Yale University Press, New Haven, 1996, x-420 - Holdaway, R. N., Worthy, T. H. & Tennyson, A. J. D., 2001: A working list of breeding bird species of the New Zealand region at first human contact.
–New Zealand Journal of Zoology: Vol. 28, pp. 119-187 - Livezey, B. C., 1998: A phylogenetic analysis of the Gruiformes (Aves) based on morphological characters, with an emphasis on the rails (Rallidae).
–Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London (Biology): Vol. 353, pp. 2077-2151 - Olson, S. L., 1975: Paleornithology of St. Helena Island, South Atlantic Ocean.
–Smithsonian Contributions to Baleobiology: Vol. 23, pp. iv-49 - Olson, S. L., 1985: The fossil record of birds. 79-239.
in Farner, D., King, J. & Parkes, K. (eds.), 1985: Avian Biology. vol VIII.
–Academic Press, New York. 1985. - Sibley, C. G. & Monroe, B, L., 1990: Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world.
–Yale University Press, New Haven & London, 1990. xxiv-1111.