After Olson, 1985, 1992, Ericson, 1995, and Feduccia, 1980, 1996, Sibley & Monroe, 1990, and Peterson, 2002-2004, with Finnish vernacular names from Lokki, Jännes & Nikander, 1992
<==o Gaviiformes Wetmore & Miller, 1926 (loons; kuikkalinnut) |?- †Polarornis gregorii Chatterjee, 2002; U. Cret. Ant. [nomen nudum, jr. synon. to Neogaeornis wetzeli??] [recently treated as members of basla Anseriform family Vegaviidae] |?- †Neogaeornis wetzeli Lanbrecht, 1929; U. Cret. Ant. [recently treated as members of basla Anseriform family Vegaviidae] |?- †Gaviella pusilla `--o Gaviidae Allen, 1897 (loons; kuikat) |--o †Colymboides Milne-Edwards, 1867; U. Eoc. WEu., Mioc. Eu., L. Plio. WNA. | |-- †C. anglicus Lydekker, 1891a | `--+-- †C. minutus Milne-Edwards, 1867 | `-- †C. sp. [Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina] `--o Gavia JR Forster, 1788; L. Mioc. Eu. NA., Plio. Eu. NA., R. NEu. NAs. NNA. (loons; kuikat) |-- †G. egeriana Svec, 1982 |-- †G. sp. [Middle Miocene, Clavert Formation] `--+?- †G. brodkorbi Howard, 1978 |?- †G. paradoxa Umanskaja, 1981 |--+?- †G. schultzi Mlíkovsky, 1998 | |?- †G. howardae Brodkorb, 1953c | `-- G. stellata (Pontoppidan, 1763) (red-throated loon; kaakkuri) `--+?- †G. moldavica Kessler, 1984 |--+-- †G. concinna Wetmore, 1940 [G. palaeodytes Wetmore, 1943] | `--+-- G. pacifica (Lawrence, 1858) (Pacific loon; tundrakuikka) | `--o G. arctica (Linnaeus, 1758) (Arctic loon, Eurasian common loon; kuikka) | |-- G. a. arctica (black-throated loon) | `-- G. a. viridigularis (green-throated loon) `--+-- †G. fortis Olson & Rasmussen, 2001 `--+-- G. immer (Brunnich, 1764) (American common loon; amerikanjääkuikka) `-- G. adamsii (G.R. Gray, 1859) (Yellow-billed loon; jääkuikka)
Reference(s):
- Feduccia, A., 1980: The Age of Birds.
–Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England, 1980, ix-196 - Feduccia, A., 1996: The Origin and Evolution of Birds.
–Yale University Press, New Haven, 1996, x-420 - Hope, S., 2002: The Mesozoic Radiation of Neornithes. 339-388.
in Chiappe, L. M. & Witmer, L. M., (eds.) 2002: Mesozoic Birds – Above the Heads of Dinosaur.
–University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles, London, 2002, xii-520 - Olson, S. L., 1985: The fossil record of birds. 79-239.
in Farner, D., King, J. & Parkes, K. (eds.), 1985: Avian Biology. vol VIII.
–Academic Press, New York, 1985. - Olson, S. L., 1992: Neogaeornis wetzeli Lambrecht, a Cretaceous loon from Chile (Aves: Caviidae).
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 12, #1, pp. 122-124 - Olson, S. L. & Rasmussen, P. D., 2001: Miocene and Pliocene birds from the Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina. 233-365
in Ray, C. E. & Bohaska, D. J., (eds.) 2001: Geology and paleontology of the Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina, III.
–Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology: Nr. 90, iii-365 - Peterson, A. P., 2002-2004: Zoonomen Nomenclatural data of Birds. (Updated: 2004-12-24)
–iNet: Zoonomen Nomenclatural data: http://www.zoonomen.net/avtax/frame.html; [visited: 2005-01-21] - Sibley, C. G. & Monroe, B. L., 1990: Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world.
–Yale University Press, New Haven & London, 1990, xxiv-1111.