After Chu, 1998, and Peterson, 2002-2004, with Finnish vernacular names from Lokki, Jännes & Nikander, 1992
<==o Larus (gulls; lokit) [35? Recent species] |?- †L. sp. [St. Helena Isl.] |?- †L. elegans |?- †L. totanoides |?- †L. pristinus |?- †L. robustus |?- †L. oregonus |?- †L. elmorei |?- †L. desnoyersii |?- †L. perpetuus Emslie, 1995b |?- †L. lacus Emslie, 1995b |--+-- L. melanocephalus Temminck, 1820 (mustanmerenlokki) | `--+-- L. relictus Lonnberg, 1931 (mongolianlokki) | `-- L. ichthyaetus Pallas, 1773 (mustapäälokki) `--+-- L. pipixcan Wagler, 1831 (preerianaurulokki) `--+-- L. atricilla Linnaeus, 1758 (nokisiipilokki) `--+-- L. scoresbii Traill, 1823 [Gabianus scoresbii] (delfiinilokki) `--+--+--+-- L. hemprichii (Bruch, 1853) (nokilokki) | | `-- L. leucophthalmus Temminck, 1825 (valkosilmälokki) | `--+-- L. heermanni Cassin, 1852 (meksikonlokki) | `--+-- L. modestus Tschudi, 1843 (aavikkolokki) | `-- L. fuliginosus Gould, 1841 (laavalokki) `--+--+-- L. belcheri Vigors, 1829 (keltajalkalokki) | `-- L. atlanticus Olrog, 1958 (Olrog's Gull) `--+-- L. crassirostris Vieillot, 1818 (japaninlokki) `--+-- L. pacificus Latham, 1802 [Gabianus pacificus] (keisarilokki) `--+--+-- L. dominicanus Lichtenstein, 1823 -african form (etelänselkälokki) | `--+-- L. californicus Lawrence, 1854 (preerialokki) | `--+-- L. audouinii Payraudeau, 1826 (välimerenlokki) | `--+-- L. armenicus Buturlin, 1934 (armenianlokki) | `--+-- L. delawarensis Ord, 1815 (rengasnokkalokki) | `--o L. canus Linnaeus, 1758 (kalalokki) | |-- L. c. canus (euraasiankalalokki) | `--+-- L. c. sp. (amerikankalalokki) | `-- L. c. kamtschatschensis (kamtschatkankalalokki) (idänkalalokki) `--+-- L. livens Dwight, 1919 (kalifornianlokki) `--+-- L. dominicanus Lichtenstein, 1823 -non african forms (etelänselkälokki) `--+--o L. fuscus Linnaeus, 1758 (selkälokki) | |-- L. f. graellsi (Dark-backed Gull) | `-- L. f. fuscus Linnaeus, 1758 (Lesser Black-backed Gull) `--+--o L. cachinnans Pallas, 1811 (Yellow-legged Gull) | |-- L. c. atlantis (Atlantic Islands Gull) | `-- L. c. cachinnans Pallas, 1811 (Yellow-legged Gull) `--+-- L. marinus Linnaeus, 1758 (merilokki) `--+-- L. argentatus ?vegae (Vega Gull) |?- L. argentatus ?argentatus Pontoppidan, 1763 (harmaalokki) `--+-- L. schistisagus Stejneger, 1884 (ohotanlokki) `--+-- L. occidentalis Audubon, 1839 (amerikanmerilokki) `--+?- L. argentatus heuglini (Heuglin's Gull) `--+--+-- L. glaucescens J.F. Naumann, 1840 (amerikanisolokki) | `-- L. thayeri W.S. Brooks, 1915 (eskimolokki) `--+-- L. glaucoides kumlieni (Kumlien's Gull) `--+-- L. glaucoides glaucoides B. Meyer, 1822 (Iceland Gull) `-- L. hyperboreus Gunnerus, 1767 (isolokki)
Reference(s):
- Chu, P. C., 1998: A phylogeny of the Gulls (Aves: Larinae) inferred from osteological and integumentary characters.
–Cladistics: Vol. 14, #1, pp. 1-43 [doi: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.1998.tb00202.x] - Emslie, S. D., 1995: A catastrophic death assemblage of a new species of cormorant and other seabirds from the Late Pliocene of Florida.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 15, #2, pp. 313-330 - Feduccia, A., 1980: The Age of Birds.
–Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England, 1980, IX-196 - Feduccia, A., 1997: The Origin and Evolution of Birds.
–Yale University Press, New Haven, 1996, x-420 - Lokki, J., Jännes, H. & Nikander, P. J., 1992: Otavan lintutieto.
–Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava, Helsinki, Finland, 1992, pp. 1-440
Translated from: Perrins, C. M. (ed.), 1990: The Illustrated encyclopaedia of birds.
–Headline Book Publishing Plc., London, England, 1990 - Olson, S. L., 1975: Paleornithology of St. Helena Island, South Atlantic Ocean.
–Smithsonian Contributions to Baleobiology: Vol. 23, pp. iv-49 - Olson, S. L., 1985: The fossil record of birds. 79-239.
in Farner, D., King, J. & Parkes, K. (eds.), 1985: Avian Biology. vol VIII.
–Academic Press, New York. 1985. - Peterson, A. P., 2002-2004: Zoonomen Nomenclatural data of Birds. (Updated: 2004-12-24)
–iNet: Zoonomen Nomenclatural data: http://www.zoonomen.net/avtax/frame.html; [visited: 2005-01-21] - Sibley, C. G. & Monroe, B. L., 1990: Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world.
–Yale University Press, New Haven & London, 1990. xxiv-1111.