After Howard, 1976, Olson, 1981, 1985, Feduccia, 1980, 1996, and Wijnker & Olson, 2009, with Recent species from Sibley & Monroe, 1990, and Peterson, 2002-2004, with Finnish vernacular names from Lokki, Jännes & Nikander, 1992
<==o Alcini Leach, 1820 (ruokkimaiset) |-- †Pseudoceppus teres Wijnker & Olson, 2009 `--+--o †Miocepphus Wetmore, 1940; Mioc. Atl. | |?- †M. sp. [Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina] [Olson & Rasmussen, 2001] | |?- †M. mergulellus Wijnker & Olson, 2009 | |-- †M. mcclungi Wetmore, 1940 | `--+-- †M. bohaskai Wijnker & Olson, 2009 | `-- †M. blowi Wijnker & Olson, 2009 `--+--o Alle alle (Linnaeus, 1758) Link, 1806 (pikkuruokki) | |-- A. a. alle (Linnaeus, 1758) | `-- A. a. polaris Stenhouse, 1930 `--+--+--o Uria Brisson, 1760 (kiislat) | | |-- †U. bordkorbi | | |-- †U. paleohesperis | | |-- †U. affinis (Marsh, 1870) [Uria lomvia affinis] | | |--o U. aalge (Pontoppidan, 1763) (etelänkiisla) | | | |-- U. a. aalge (Pontoppidan, 1763) | | | |-- U. a. albionis Witherby, 1923 | | | |-- U. a. californica (Bryant, 1861) | | | |-- U. a. hyperborea Salomonsen, 1932 | | | `-- U. a. inornata Salomonsen, 1932 | | `--o U. lomvia (Linnaeus, 1758) (pohjankiisla) | | |-- U. l. arra (Pallas, 1811) | | |-- U. l. eleonorae Portenko, 1937 | | |-- U. l. heckeri Portenko, 1944 | | `-- U. l. lomvia (Linnaeus, 1758) | `--o Cepphus Pallas, 1769 (riskilät) | |-- †C. olsoni | |--o C. grylle (Linnaeus, 1758) (Riskilä) | | |-- C. g. arcticus (Brehm, 1824) | | |-- C. g. faeroeensis Brehm, 1831 | | |-- C. g. grylle (Linnaeus, 1758) | | |-- C. g. islandicus Horring, 1937) | | `-- C. g. mandtii (Lichtenstein, 1822) | |-- C. carbo Pallas, 1811 (Nokiriskilä) | `--o C. columba Pallas, 1811 (Tyynenmerenriskilä) | |-- C. c. columba Pallas, 1811 (Pigeon Guillemot) | |-- C. c. kaiurka Portenko, 1937 | `-- C. c. snowi Stejneger, 1897 (Kurile Guillemot) `==o Alca Linnaeus, 1758 [Australca Brodkorb, 1955; ?Pinguinus Bonnaterre, 1791] (auks; ruokit) |?- †A. sp.1 [Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina] [Olson & Rasmussen, 2001] |--o A. torda Linnaeus, 1758 (auk; ruokki) | |-- A. t. islandica Brehm, 1831 | `-- A. t. torda Linnaeus, 1758 `--+-- †A. antiqua (Marsh, 1870) [Catarractes antiquus Marsh, 1870; Australca grandis Brodkorb, 1955] |-- †A. ausonia (Portis, 1891) `--+-- †A. stewarti Martin et al., 2001 `--o †Pinguinus Bonnaterre, 1791 (lentokyvyttömät ruokit) |?- †P. sp. |-- †P. alfrednewtoni Olson, 1977 `-- †P. impennis (Linnaeus, 1758) (siivetön ruokki)
Reference(s):
- Feduccia, A., 1980: The Age of Birds.
–Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England, 1980, IX-196 - Feduccia, A., 1996: The Origin and Evolution of Birds.
–Yale University Press, New Haven, 1996, x-420 - Lokki, J., Jännes, H. & Nikander, P. J., 1992: Otavan lintutieto.
–Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava, Helsinki, Finland, 1992, pp. 1-440
Translated from: Perrins, C. M. (ed.), 1990: The Illustrated encyclopaedia of birds.
–Headline Book Publishing Plc., London, England, 1990 - Olson, S. L., 1985: The fossil record of birds. 79-239.
in Farner, D., King, J. & Parkes, K. (eds.), 1985: Avian Biology. vol VIII.
–Academic Press, New York. 1985. - Olson, S. L. & Rasmussen, P. D., 2001: Miocene and Pliocene birds from the Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina. 233-365
in Ray, C. E. & Bohaska, D. J., (eds.) 2001: Geology and paleontology of the Lee Creek Mine, North Carolina, III.
–Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology: No. 90, iii-365 - Peterson, A. P., 2002-2004: Zoonomen Nomenclatural data of Birds. (Updated: 2004-12-24)
–iNet: Zoonomen Nomenclatural data: http://www.zoonomen.net/avtax/frame.html; [visited: 2005-01-21] - Sibley, C. G. & Monroe, B. L., 1990: Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world.
–Yale University Press, New Haven & London, 1990. xxiv-1111. - Wijnker, E. & Olson, S. L., 2009: A revision of the fossil genus Miocepphus and other Miocene Alcidae (Aves: Charadriiformes) of the Western North Atlantic Ocean.
–Journal of Systematic Palaeontology: Vol. 7, #4, pp. (471-487) [doi: 10.1017/s1477201909990022]