After Olson, 1985, Sibley & Monroe, 1990, and Peterson, 2002-2004, with Finnish vernacular names from Lokki, Jännes & Nikander, 1992
<==o Botaurinae (Bittern's; kaulushaikarat) |-- Dupetor flavicollis (Latham, 1790) Heine & Reichenow, 1890 (mustapikkuhaikara) |--o Ixobrychus Billberg, 1828 (pikkuhaikarat) | |-- I. involucris (Vieillot, 1823) (viirupikkuhaikara) | |--o I. exilis (Gmelin, 1789) (amerikanpikkuhaikara) | | `-- I. e. exilis (?) | |-- I. minutus (Linnaeus, 1766) (pikkuhaikara) | |-- I. sinensis (Gmelin, 1789) (kiinanpikkuhaikara) | |-- †I. novaezelandiae (Potts, 1871) (Black-backed Bittern; uudenseelanninpikkuhaikara; kaoriki) | |-- I. eurhythmus (Swinhoe, 1873) (kastanjapikkuhaikara) | |-- I. cinnamomeus (Gmelin, 1789) (kanelipikkuhaikara) | `-- I. sturmii (Wagler, 1827) (sinipikkuhaikara) `--o Botaurus Stephens, 1819 (Bittern's; kaulushaikarat) |-- †B. hibbardi |-- B. pinnatus (Wagler, 1829) (amazoniankaulushaikara) |-- B. lentiginosus (Rackett, 1813) (amerikankaulushaikara) |-- B. poiciloptilus (Wagler, 1827) (australiankaulushaikara) `--o B. stellaris (Linnaeus, 1758) (kaulushaikara) |-- B. s. stellaris (Eurasian Bittern) `-- B. s. capensis (African Bittern)
Reference(s):
- Feduccia, A., 1980: The Age of Birds.
–Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England, 1980, IX-196 - Feduccia, A., 1996: The Origin and Evolution of Birds.
–Yale University Press, Hew Haven, 1996 - Holdaway, R. N., Worthy, T. H. & Tennyson, A. J. D., 2001: A working list of breeding bird species of the New Zealand region at first human contact.
–New Zealand Journal of Zoology: Vol. 28, pp. 119-187 - Lokki, J., Jännes, H. & Nikander, P. J., 1992: Otavan lintutieto.
–Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava, Helsinki, Finland, 1992, pp. 1-440
Translated from: Perrins, C. o. (ed.), 1990: The Illustrated encyclopaedia of birds.
–Headline Book Publishing Plc., London, England, 1990, - Olson, S. L., 1985: The fossil record of birds. 79-239.
in Farner, D., King, J. & Parkes, K. (eds.), 1985: Avian Biology. vol VIII.
–Academic Press, New York. 1985. - Peterson, A. P., 2002-2004: Zoonomen Nomenclatural data of Birds. (Updated: 2004-12-24)
–iNet: Zoonomen Nomenclatural data: http://www.zoonomen.net/avtax/frame.html; [visited: 2005-01-21] - Sibley, C. G. & Monroe, B. L., 1990: Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world.
–Yale University Press, New Haven & London, 1990. xxiv-1111.