Papers
pointing out problems in RDA and DRI
by
Harri Hemilä
Department
of Public
Health
University of Helsinki,
Finland
harri.hemila@helsinki.fi
https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila
Oct 30, 2020
The
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)-monograph (USA/Canada) states
that the estimated average requirement (EAR) of vitamin E for men and
women of any age is 12 mg/day.
The EAR value is based on in vitro
hemolysis in young males; a surrogate endpoint without any direct
validity.
The EAR is then extrapolated to females and older males.
This analysis of the ATBC Study found no support for the ‘estimated
average requirement' level of 12 mg/day of vitamin E for older males.
Hemilä H
Vitamin E and Mortality
in Male Smokers of the ATBC Study: Implications for Nutritional
Recommendations.
Frontiers in Nutrition 2020
https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.00036
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc7136753
Discussions
related to the RDA on pages 61 to 69
Do vitamins C and E
affect respiratory infections? (2006)
https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/20335
The
authors of the RDA (1989) concluded that there was no sound evidence to
suggest that vitamin C in amounts greater than the recommended dose, 60
mg/day, decreased elevated plasma cholesterol levels.
However, those
authors ignored many published trials.
Hemilä H.
Vitamin C, cholesterol,
and the nutritional recommendations.
Am J Cardiol. 1993.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9149(93)90498-2
https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/H/HH_1993L.pdf
p. 47:
"The RDA (1989)
recommendations conclude that vitamin C does not affect plasma
cholesterol level.
This
is based on the study of Peterson et al., which did not use any kind of
control group, but used subjects that had a very high initial vitamin C
level (85 uM).
Still,
this study is provided as a disproof of one study by Ginter et al.,
which is the only reference that is mentioned to suggest that vitamin C
might decrease elevated plasma cholesterol levels.
This latter study is
not placebo controlled either.
However,
ten placebo-controlled studies were published before the
recommendations (Table 1), and five of these used subjects with
elevated cholesterol levels.
Nevertheless, none of
these studies is referred to in the RDA (1989) recommendations."
Hemilä H.
Vitamin C and plasma
cholesterol.
Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 1992;32(1):33-57.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10408399209527579
https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/H/HH_1992C.pdf
The
concept "nutrient need" does not have any biochemical justification
Hemilä H
Is there a biochemical
basis for 'nutrient need'?
Trends in Food Science and Nutrition 1991
https://doi.org/10.1016/0924-2244(91)90626-T
https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/H/HH_1991.pdf
https://hdl.handle.net/10250/135151
Earlier
RDA recommendation were based on preventing overt deficiency diseased.
Optimal intake could
be another goal, which was not considered in the early recommendations
H Hemilä
A re-evaluation of
nutritional goals--not just deficiency counts
Med Hypotheses 1986 May;20(1):17-27.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-9877(86)90082-4
https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/H/HH_1986.pdf
Hemilä HO,
A Critique of Nutritional
Recommendations
Journal of Orthomolecular Psychiatry 1985
https://orthomolecular.org/library/jom/1985/pdf/1985-v14n02-p088.pdf
https://orthomolecular.org/library/jom/1985/toc2.shtml
https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/H/HH_1985.pdf
Hemilä HO.
Nutritional need versus
optimal intake.
Med Hypotheses 1984 Jun;14(2):135-9.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-9877(84)90051-3
https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/hemila/H/HH_1984.pdf