Most of the recognized phyla of Protostoma:
Protostoma (alkusuiset) Aschelmithes [Pseudocoelomata] (valeruumiinonteloiset) Tardigrada (karhukaiset; water bears) Chaetognatha [incl. †Protoconodonta] (nuolimadot) Nematomorpha (jouhimadot) Nemata [Nematoda] (sukkulamadot) Gastrotricha (sukaspintaiset) Rotifera (rataseläimet) Acanthocephala (väkäkärsämadot) Entoprocta (pikarimadot) Bryozoa [Ectoprocta] (sammaleläimet) Cycliophora Funch & Kristensen, 1995 Mesozoa [see Basal Metazoa] Arthropoda (arthropods; niveljalkaiset) [polyphyletic???] †Coeloscleritomorpha Bengtson & Missarzhevsky, 1981 [paraphyletic phylum of Mollusc-like protostomes?] “Molluscamorpha” †Tullimonsterida Mollusca (molluscs; nilviäiset) Bivalvia (shellfishes; simpukat) Gastropoda (kotilot) Cephalopoda (caphalopods; pääjalkaiset) †Hyolitha Sipuncula [Sipunculoidea] (ruiskumadot) “Annelidamorpha” Nemertea [Nemertinea] (limamadot) Lobatocerebrida †Banffida Echiura [Echiuroidea] (tähtimadot) Myzostomida (norkomadot) Annelida [incl. Vestimentifera & Pogonophora sensu Rouse, 2001] (nivelmadot) Lophophorata Phoronida (tupsumadot) †Tommotiida Missarzhevsky, 1970 Brachiopoda (lonkerojalkaiset) †Palaeoscolecida Kinorhyncha (okakaulamadot) Loricifera Priapulida [Priapuloidea] (makkaramadot)
Reference(s):
- Conway Morris, S., 1993: The fossil record and early evolution of the Metazoa.
–Nature, vol. 361, 21 January, pp. 219-225 - Funch, P. & Kristensen, R. M., 1995: Cycliophora is a new phylum with affinities to Endoprocta and Ectoprocta.
–Nature: Vol. 378, 14 December, pp. 711-714 - Hou & Bergström, 1997: Arthropods of the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang fauna, southwest China.
–Fossils & Strata, Number 45, 22nd December 1997, pp. 1-116 - Kazlev, M. A., 2002-: The “Procoelomates”
–iNet: The Palaeos: http://www.palaeos.com/Invertebrates/Procoelomates/Procoelomates.html - Parker, S. P. (ed.), 1982: Synopsis and classification of living organisms. Vols. 1 & 2
–McGrew-Hill Book Company - Szaniawski, H., 2002: New evidence for the protoconodont origin of chaetognaths.
–Acta Palaeontologica Polonica: Vol. 47, #3, pp. 405-419
iNet: Tree of Life: http://tolweb.org/tree/