After Parker, 1982, “The Tree of Life”, Wheeler, W. C., Whiting, Wheeler, Q. D. & Carpenter, 2001, and Grimaldi & Engel, 2005
<==o Endopterygota [Holometabola sensu lato] (beetles, wasps, moths, flies, etc.) |?- †Metabolarva bella Nel et al., 2013 |?- †Miomoptera [Eumetabola incertae sedis (Grimaldi & Engel, 2005)] `--o Holometabola |--+--+?-o †Glosseltyrodea [Holometabola incertae sedis (Grimaldi & Engel, 2005)] | | | |-- †Archoglossopteridae | | | |-- †Glosselytridae | | | |-- †Glossopteridae | | | |-- †Jurinidae | | | |-- †Polycytellidae | | | `-- †Uskatelytridae | | `--+-- †Stephanastus polinae Nel et al., 2013 [Stephanastidae Nel et al., 2013] | | `-- Coleoptera (beetles; kovakuoriaiset) | `--+-- †Permoberothidae [†Protoneuroptera] | `--o Neuropterida [Neuroptera after Palker, 1982; Planipennia] (lacewings, antlions, owflies, etc.; kaislakorennot, käärmekorennot ja verkkosiipiset) | |?- †Rafaelidae Nel, Bechly, Garrouste, Pohl & Escuillié, 2005 | |-- Raphidioptera (snakeflies; käärmekorennot) | `--+-- Megaloptera (dobsonflies and fishflies; kaislakorennot) | `-- Neuroptera (lacewings, antlions, owflies, etc.; verkkosiipiset (harsosiipiset)) `--+== †Promecoptera [paraphyletic] |--o Hymenopterida | |-- †Avioxyela gallica Nel et al., 2013 [Avioxyelidae Nel et al., 2013] | `-- Hymenoptera Linnaeus, 1758 (wasps, bees, ants and sawflies; pistiäiset) `--o Panorpida |?- †Belmontiidae |?- †Permopanorpidae |?- †Permocentropidae |?- †Kaltanidae |--o Amphiesmenoptera | |-- †Microptysmatidae | `--+-- †Cladochoristidae | `--+-- Trichoptera (caddisflies) | `-- Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies; perhoset) `--+--+--o †Permochoristidae | | `-- †Prochoristella | `-- †Sibiriothaumatidae `--o Antliophora |--o Mecopteroidea | |== Mecoptera (scorpionflies, hangingflies) | `--+-- Nannochoristidae | `--+-- Boreidae | `--+?- †Niwratia elongata L.Cret. Aust. | |-- †Tarwinia australis L.Cret. Aust. |?- †Saurophthirus longipes L.Cret. NAs. | `-- Siphonaptera (fleas; kirput) `--+?-o †Aneuretopsychidae | `-- †Aneuretopsyche |?- †Mesopsychidae |?-o †Pseudopolycentropodidae | `-- †Pseudopolycentropus `--+?- †Liassophilidae |-- †Permotanyderidae `--+-- †Robinjohniidae |--o †Permotipulidae | |-- †Permotipula | `-- †Permila `--o Halteria |?- Strepsiptera (twisted-winged parasites; kierresiipiset) [Grimaldi & Engel (2005) suggest of derivied coleopteran origin for strepsipterans] `-- Diptera Linnaeus, 1758 [†Nakridletia Vršanský, Ren & Shih, 2010] (flies and mosqitos; kaksisiipiset)
Reference(s):
- Grimaldi, D. A. & Engel, M. S., 2005: Evolution of the Insects.
–Cambridge University Press, New York, 2005, xv-755 - Lahti, S., Malmström, K. K., Koli, L., Leikola, A., Syrjämäki, J. & Lahti, J., 1980: Zoo, Suuri Eläinkirja 6: Selkärangattomat.
–Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö, Porvoo-Helsinki-Juva, 1980.
Original work [in French]: Beaut, Du Monde Animal XI & XII Invertébrés.
–Rizzoli Editore, Milano, 1968. - Maddison, D. R., 1995-1998: Neoptera.
–iNet: The Tree of Life Project: http://www.tolweb.org/tree?group=Neoptera&contgroup=Pterygota - Nel, A., Roques, P., Nel, P., Prokin, A. A., Bourgoin, T., Prokop, J., Szwedo, J., Azar, D., Desutter-Grandcolas, L., Wappler, T., Garrouste, R., Coty, D., Huang, D., Engel, M. S. & Kirejtshuk, A. G., 2013: The earliest known holometabolous insects.
–Nature: Vol. 503, #7475, pp. 257-261 [doi: 10.1038/nature12629] - Parker, S. P. (ed.), 1982: Synopsis and classification of living organisms. Vols. 1 & 2
–McGrew-Hill Book Company - Wheeler, W. C., Whiting, M., Wheeler, Q. D. & Carpenter, J. M., 2001: The phylogeny of the extant hexapod orders.
–Gladistics: Vol. 17, #2, pp. 113-169