(Partly) after Wheeler & Hayashi, 1998, Shultz, 2007, and Dunlop, 2010
<==o Arachnida (hämähäkkieläimet; arachnids, spider-like arthropods) |--o Dromopoda sensu Schulz, 1990 | |-- Opiliones Sundevall, 1833 (harvestmen; lukit) | `--o Novogenuata | |-- Scorpionida Latreille, 1817 (scorpions; skorpionit) | `--o Haplocnemata Börner, 1904 | |-- Pseudoscorpionida [Pseudoscorpiones; Chelonethida] (false scorpions; valeskorpionit) | `-- Solifugae 1833 [Solpugida Banks, 1900; Solpugides Gervais, 1844; Solpugae Koch, 1842] (sunspiders, camelspiders, windscorpions; arolukit) `--+--o Acaromorpha Dubinin, 1957 | |-- Acari Leach, 1817 (ticks & mites; punkit) | `--+?- †Trigonotarbida Petrunkevitch, 1949 sensu Dunlop, 1996 [Anthracomarti Karsh, 1882; Meridogastra Thorell & Lindström, 1885; Eurymarti matthew, 1895; Trigonotarbi Petrunkevitch, 1949] | `-- Ricinulei Thorell, 1876 (hooded tickspiders; huppuhämähäkit) `--+?- †Phalangiotarbida (Haase, 1890) Petrunkevitch, 1955 `--o Megoperculata Shultz, 1990 |-- Palpigradi Thorell, 1900 (blind scorpions; micro whip-scorpions; sokkoskorpionit) `--o PanTetrapulmonata Shultz, 2007 |?- †Trigonotarbida Petrunkevitch, 1949 sensu Schulz, 2007 [Anthracomarti Karsh, 1882; Meridogastra Thorell & Lindström, 1885; Eurymarti Matthew, 1895; Trigonotarbi Petrunkevitch, 1949] `--+?-o †Uraraneida Selden & Shear, 2008 | |-- †Attercopus fimbriunguis (Shear, Selden & Rolfe, 1987) Selden & Shear in Selden, Shear & Bonamo, 1991 [Gelasinotarbus? fimbriunguis Shear, Selden & Rolfe, 1987] | `-- †Permarachne novokshonovi Eskov & Selden, 2005 `--o Tetrapulmonata Shultz, 1990 |--+-- †Idmonarachne brasieri Garwood, Dunlop, Selden, Spencer, Atwood, Vo & Drakopoulos, 2016 | `-- Araneae Clerck, 1757 (spiders; hämähäkit ) `--o Schizotarsata Shultz, 2007 |?- †Plesiosiro madeleyi Pocock, 1911; L.Carb. WEu. [Haptopoda Pocock, 1911: Plesiosironidae Pocock, 1911] `--o Pedipalpi Börner, 1904 |-- Amblypygi (whip-spiders; skorpionilukit) `--o Uropygi Thorell, 1882 sensu Shultz, 2007 |--o Thelyphonida Latreille, 1804 [Uropygi] (whip scorpions; vinagroons; siimaskorpionit) | |-- Geralinuridae | |-- Hypoctonidae [Thelyphonidae: Hypoctoninae] | `--o Thelyphonidae Lucas, 1835 | |-- Mastigoproctinae | |-- Thelyphoninae | `-- Typopeltinae `-- Schizomida Petrunkevitch, 1945 (short-tailed whip-scorpions)
Alternative phylogenies of Arachnides:
After Garwood, Dunlop, Selden, Spencer, Atwood, Vo & Drakopoulos, 2016 (fig. 3a)<==o Arachnida |-- Palpigradi `--+--+--+-- Opiliones | | `-- †Phalangiotarbida | `--+-- Pseudoscorpiones | `-- Scorpiones `--+--+-- Ricinulei | `--+-- Parasitiformes | `--+-- Solifugae | `-- Acariformes `--+-- †Trigonotarbida |--+-- †Uraraneida | `--+-- †Idmonarachne | `-- Araneae `--+-- †Plesiosiro `--+-- Amblypygi `--+-- Thelyphonida `-- Schizomida Reference(s):
|
After Shultz, 2007<==o Arachnida |--o Stomothecata | |-- Opiliones | `-- Scorpionida `--+-- Palpigradi |--o Acaromorpha | |-- Acariformes | `--o Cryptognomae | |-- Ricinulei | `-- Anactinotrichida `--+--o Haplocnemata | |-- Pseudoscorpionida | `-- Solifugae `--o PanTetrapulmonata |-- †Trigonotarbida `--o Tetrapulmonata |-- Araneae `--o Schizotarsata |-- †Plesiosiro `--o Pedipalpi |-- Amblypygi `--o Uropygi |-- Thelyphonida `-- Schizomida Reference(s):
|
After Giribet et al., 2002 (via Shultz, 2007)<==o Arachnida |--o Dromopoda | |-- Opiliones | `--o Novogenuata | |-- Scorpionida | `--o Haplocnemata [“Apatellata”] | |-- Pseudoscorpionida | `-- Solifugae `--o Micrura |-- Acari `--+-- Palpigradi `--+-- Ricinulei `--o Tetrapulmonata |-- Araneae `--o Pedipalpi |-- Amblypygi `--o Uropygi |-- Thelyphonida `-- Schizomida |
After Wheeler & Hayashi, 1998 (via Shultz, 2007)<==o Arachnida |--o Dromopoda | |-- Opiliones | `--o Novogenuata | |-- Scorpionida | `--o Haplocnemata [“Apatellata”] | |-- Pseudoscorpionida | `-- Solifugae `--o Micrura |--o Acaromorpha | |-- Ricinulei | `-- Acari `--o Megoperculata |-- Palpigradi `--o Tetrapulmonata |--o Uropygi | |-- Thelyphonida | `-- Schizomida `--o Labellata |-- Amblypygi `-- Araneae Reference(s):
|
After Shultz, 1990 (via Shultz, 2007)<==o Arachnida |--o Dromopoda | |-- Opiliones | `--o Novogenuata | |-- Scorpionida | `--o Haplocnemata [“Apatellata”] | |-- Pseudoscorpionida | `-- Solifugae `--o Micrura |--o Acaromorpha | |-- Ricinulei | `-- Acari `--o Megoperculata |-- Palpigradi `--o Tetrapulmonata |-- Araneae `--o Pedipalpi |-- Amblypygi `--o Uropygi |-- Thelyphonida `-- Schizomida |
After Van der Hammen, 1989 (via Shultz, 2007)<==o Arachnida |--o Myliosomata | |-- Opiliones | `--+-- Xiphosura | `-- Scorpionida `--o Rostrosomata |--o Sternocoxata | |--o Haplocnemata [“Apatellata”] | | |-- Pseudoscorpionida | | `-- Solifugae | `--o Epimerata | |-- Palpigradi | `-- Acariformes [Acari] `--o Neosternata |--o Cryptognomae | |-- Ricinulei | `-- Anactinotrichida [Acari] `--o Tetrapulmonata [“Arachnida”] |--o Uropygi | |-- Thelyphonida | `-- Schizomida `--+-- Amblypygi `-- Araneae |
After Weygoldt & Paulus, 1979 (via Shultz, 2007)<==o Arachnida |-- Scorpionida `--o Lipoctena |--o Apulmonata | |-- Palpigradi | `--o Holotracheata | |--o Haplocnemata | | |-- Pseudoscorpionida | | `-- Solifugae | `--o Cryptoperculata | |-- Opiliones | `--o Acaromorpha [“Acarinomorpha”] | |-- Ricinulei | `-- Acari `--o Tetrapulmonata [“Megoperculata”] |--o Uropygi | |-- Thelyphonida | `-- Schizomida `--o Labellata |-- Amblypygi `-- Araneae |
Reference(s):
- Anonymous, 2012: Ricinulei (last visited: 2013-02-09)
–iNet: Wikispecies: http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ricinulei (last updated: 2012-01-04) - Dunlop, J. A., 2010: Geological history and phylogeny of Chelicerata.
–Arthropod Structure & Development: Vol. 39, #2–3, pp. 124-142 [doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2010.01.003] - Garwood, R. J., Dunlop, J. A., Selden, P. A., Spencer, A. R. T., Atwood, R. C., Vo, N. T. & Drakopoulos, M., 2016: Almost a spider: a 305-million-year-old fossil arachnid and spider origins.
–Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences: Vol. 283, #1827, pp. [doi: 10.1098/rspb.2016.0125] - Hou, X. & Bergström, J., 1997: Arthropods of the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang fauna, southwest China.
–Fossils & Strata, Number 45, 22nd December 1997, pp. 1-116 - Maddison, D. R. & Maddison, W. P., 1995-2000: Arachnida – Spiders, mites, scorpions, whipscorpions, pseudoscorpions.
–iNet: The Tree of Life Project: http://tolweb.org/tree/eukaryotes/animals/arthropoda/arachnida/arachnida.html - Shultz, J. W., 2007: A phylogenetic analysis of the arachnid orders based on morphological characters.
–Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: Vol. 150, #2, pp. 221-265 [doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2007.00284.x] - Størmer, L., Petrunkevitch, A. & Hedgpeth, J. W., 1955: Arthropoda 2 – Chelicerata with sections on Pycnogonida and Palaeoisopus. xvii-181
in Moore, R. C. (ed.): Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology – Part P
–Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press, Lawrence, 1955 - Wheeler, W. C. & Hayashi, C. Y., 1998: The phylogeny of the extant chelicerate orders.
–Cladistics: Vol 14, #2, pp. 173-192