After Livezay & Zusi, 2007, with Recent species from Peterson, 2002-2004 and Finnish vernacular names from Lokki, Jännes & Nikander, 1992
Alternative taxonomy after Olson, 1985, Ericson, 1995, Feduccia, 1996
Alternative phylogeny after Bourdon, Bouya & Iarochène, 2005
<==o Ciconiimorphae (Garrod, 1874) (stork-like birds; kattohaikaramaiset linnut) |--o Ardeiformes (Wagler, 1831) (herons; haikaralinnut) | |--o Cochleariidae Ridgway, 1887 [Cochleariinae Chenu & Des Murs 1854] (Boat-billed Herons; ruuhinokat) | | `--o Cochlearius cochlearius (Linnaeus,1766) Brisson, 1760 (ruuhinokka) | | |-- C. c. cochlearius (Linnaeus, 1766) (Southern Boat-billed Heron) | | |-- C. c. panamensis Griscom, 1926 | | |-- C. c. phillipsi Dickerman, 1973 | | |-- C. c. ridgwayi Dickerman, 1973 | | `-- C. c. zeledoni (Ridgway, 1885) (Northern Boat-billed Heron) | `--o Ardeidae Vigors, 1825 (herons; haikarat) | |?- †Calcardea junnei | |--o Botaurinae Bock, 1956 | | |-- Botaurini (Bock, 1956) (kaulushaikarat) | | `-- Tigriornithini Bock, 1956 [Tigrisomatinae] (tiikerihaikarat) | `--o Ardeinae | |-- Nycticoracinae Bock, 1956 (yöhaikarat) | `-- Ardeini Bock, 1956 (varsinaiset haikarat) `--o Ciconiiformes Garrod, 1874 [incl. Phoenicopteriformes] (storks, ibises, etc.; kattohaikaralinnut) |--o Scopus (varjohaikarat) [Scopi (Bonaparte, 1853): Scopidae (Bonaparte, 1853)] (hammercops; varjohaikarat) | |-- †S. xenopus | `-- S. umbretta (varjohaikara) `--o Ciconiae (Bonaparte, 1874) |--o Ciconioidea (Sundevall, 1836) | |-- Phoenicopteridae Bonaparte, 1838 (flamingoes; flamingot) | `-- Ciconiidae Sundevall, 1836 (storks, kattohaikarat) `--o Threskiornithoidea (Richmond, 1917) |-- Threskiornithidae Richmond, 1917 (Ibeses; iibikset) `--o Plataleidae (Bonaparte, 1838) (kapustahaikarat) |-- Ajaia ajaja (ruusukapustahaikara `--o Platalea Linnaeus, 1758 (kapustahaikarat) |-- P. leucorodia Linnaeus, 1758 (kapustahaikara) |-- P. minor Temminck & Schlegel, 1849 (pikkukapustahaikara) |-- P. flavipes Gould, 1838 (keltakapustahaikara) |-- P. alba Scopoli, 1786 (afrikankapustahaikara) `-- P. regia Gould, 1838 (australiankapustahaikara)
After Olson, 1985, Ericson, 1995, Feduccia, 1996Note:This is not a true phylogenetic tree, although it's partly based to a phylogenetic analysis of Ericson (1996). Mostly it is done after Feduccia (1996) and Olson (1985) and is thus more a deductive phylogeny based on morphology, not a true analysis. However, both men seem to confirm the Pelecaniform-Procellariiform-Caviiform-Sphenisciform -clade also presented in Sibley & Monroe, 1990 -study. <==o Ciconiimorphae |?-o Podicipediformes | `-- Podicipedidae `--+--o Ciconiiformes | |?-o †Xenerodiopidae | | `-- †Xenerodiops | |?- Ardeidae | |?-o Scopus | | |-- †S. xenopus | | `-- S. umbretta | |-- Plataleidae | `--+-- Vulturides | `-- “Ciconida” `?-o “Pelecanimorphae” |-- Pelecaniformes `--o “Procellariimorphae” |--+?- Phaethontes | `-- Procellariiformes `?-o “Gaviomorphae” |?- Gaviiformes `-- Sphenisciformes |
After Bourdon, Bouya & Iarochène, 2005<==o “Ciconiimorphae” |?-o Ciconiiformes (haikaralinnut) [possibly para- and polyphyletic] | |?- Ardeidae | |-- Plataleidae | `--+-- Vulturides | `-- “Ciconida” |--+-- Spheniscidae | `--+-- Gaviidae | `-- Podicipedidae `--+--+-- Phaethontes | `-- Procellariiformes `-+-- Scopus `--+-- Balaenicipitidae `-- Steganopodes |
Reference(s):
- Ericson, P. G. P. 1996: Systematic relationships of the Palaeogene family Presbyornithidae(Aves: Anseriformes).
–Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: vol. 121, #4, pp. 429-483 - Feduccia, A., 1980: The Age of Birds.
–Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts & London, England, 1980, IX-196 - Feduccia, A., 1996: The origin and evolution of birds.
–Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1996, xii-420 - Grellet-Tinner, G., 2001: A re-evaluation of the Australian Snake Dam eggshell: Phylogenetic and temporal implications.
–Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 21, #3, Supplement to #3, pp. 57A - Livezey, B. C. & Zusi, R. L., 2007: Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comperative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion.
–Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: Vol. 149, #1, pp. 1-95 - Lokki, J., Jännes, H. & Nikander, P. J., 1992: Otavan lintutieto.
–Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava, Helsinki, Finland, 1992, pp. 1-440
Translated from: Perrins, C. M. (ed.), 1990: The Illustrated encyclopaedia of birds.
–Headline Book Publishing Plc., London, England, 1990 - Olson, S. L., 1985: The fossil record of birds. 79-239.
in Farner, D., King, J. & Parkes, K. (eds.), 1985: Avian Biology. vol VIII.
–Academic Press, New York. 1985. - Peterson, A. P., 2002-2004: Zoonomen Nomenclatural data of Birds. (Updated: 2004-12-24)
–iNet: Zoonomen Nomenclatural data: http://www.zoonomen.net/avtax/frame.html; [visited: 2005-01-21] - Sibley, C. G. & Monroe, J., BL., 1990: Distribution and
taxonomy of birds of the world.
–Yale University Press, New Haven & London, 1990.
XXIV-1111.