After Olson, 1985, Feduccia, 1996, and Sibley & Monroe, 1990
Note:
†Sandcoleiformes, a new order of Paleogene birds found from Green River Formation (USA), London Clay (England), Messel (Germany) and Phosphorites of Quercy (France) was established by Olson and Houde (1992). It was considered as a sistergroup of Coliiformes by original descriptors and Alan Feduccia (1996).
Many recent works by Gerard Mayr and his associates, especially Cécile Mourer-Chauviré, has demonstrated that Sandcoleiformes as defined by Houde and Olson is in fact a polyphyletic assemblage of primitive members of atleast three separate orders of modern birds, Psittaciformes, Coraciiformes and Coliiformes. There is also growing evidence of the sistergroup relations between them (Mayr & Clarke, 2003).
Currently the only sandcoleiforms not yet associated with other orders are Botauroides parvus and “Neanis” kistneri, which were included to Primobucconidae by Feduccia (1996).
<==o Anomalogonatae Garrod, 1874 |?-o †Fluvioviridavidae Mayr, 2005a | |-- †Fluvioviridavis platyrhamphus Mayr & Daniels, 2001 [former paratype of †Prefica nivea Olson, 1987 [Caprimulgiformes: Steatornithidae]] | `-- †Eurofluvioviridavis robustipes Mayr, 2005a |?-o †Gracilitarsidae Mayr, 2001 | |?- †Eutreptodactylus itaboraiensis Baird & Vickers-Rich, 1997; Pal. SA. [nomen dubium, specimen lost] | `-- †Gracilitarsus mirabilis Mayr, 1998 |?-o †Zygodactylus [Anomalogonatae incertae sedis: Zygodactylidae] | |-- †Z. ignotus | `-- †Z. grivensis `--+--o Coliimorphae (hiirolintujenkaltaiset) | `-- Coliiformes Murie, 1972 [incl. †Sandcoleiformes Houde & Olson, 1992] (mousebirds; hiirolinnut) [Recent: 2 genera / 5 species] |--o Strigimorphae (owl-like birds; pöllöjenkaltaiset) | |-- Strigiformes (owls; pöllölinnut) [Recent: 24 genera / 180 species] | `--+== “Caprimulgiformes” sensu Wetmore, 1960 (goatsuckers, nightjars; kehrääjälinnut) [Recent: 22 genera / 115 species] [paraphyletic] | `-- Apodiformes (swifts & hummingbirds; kirskulinnut) [Recent: 131 genera / 443 species] `--o “Coraciimorphae” [paraphyletic Coraciiformes] (bluejay-like birds; säihkylintumaiset) |?- †Halcyornis toliapicus |?- †Sylphornis bretouensis [Sylphornithidae] |?- Leptosomus discolor (kuroli) [Leptosomatidae] |-- Coraciiformes s.s. [Brachypteraciidae + Coraciidae] (bluejays; säihkylinnut) [Recent: 6 genera / 16 species] `?-o “Alcedinimorphae” |-- Alcediniformes [incl. Trogoniformes] (kuningaskalastajalinnut; kingfishers) [Recent: 33 genera / 179 species] `--o Bucerotimorphae (hornbill-like birds; sarvinokkamaiset linnut) |-- Bucerotiformes (hornbills; sarvinokkalinnut) [Recent: 14 genera / 69 species] `--o “Pico-Passeri” (woodpecker-songbird-like birds; tikka-varpuslinnut) |-- Piciformes (woodpeckers; tikkalinnut) `-- Passeriformes (songbirds; varpuslinnut)
Reference(s):
- Feduccia, A., 1996: The origin and evolution of birds.
–Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1996, xii-420 - Lokki, J., Jännes, H. & Nikander, P. J., 1990: Otavan lintutieto.
–Kustannusosakeyhtiö Otava, Helsinki, Finland, 1992, 1-440
Translated from: Perrins, C. M. (ed.), 1990: The Illustrated encyclopaedia of birds.
–Headline Book Publishing Plc., London, England, 1990 - Mayr, G., 2001: A new specimen of the tiny Middle Eocene bird Gracilitarsus mirabilis (new family: Gracilitarsidae).
–The Condor: Vol. 103, #1, pp. 78-84 - Mayr, G. & Daniels, M., 2001: A new short-legged landbird from the early Eocene of Wyoming and contemporaneous European sites.
–Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 46, 3, 393-402.
[from iNet abstract: http://www.paleo.pan.pl/acta/acta46-3.htm#Mayr] - Mayr, G., 2005a: A Fluvioviridavis-like bird from the Middle Eocene of Messel, Germany.
–Canadian Journal of Earth Sciencies: Vol. 42, pp. 2021-2037 - Olson, S. L., 1985: The fossil record of birds. 79-239.
in Farner, D., King, J. & Parkes, K. 1985 (eds.): Avian Biology. vol VIII.
–Academic Press, New York. 1985. - Sibley, C. G. & Monroe, B. L., 1990: Distribution and taxonomy of birds of the world.
–Yale University Press, New Haven & London, 1990. xxiv-1111.