Table 1. Experienced turning points in life by generation and gender, %
|
|
-
1944 |
1945
- 50 |
1951
- |
Total |
||||
|
|
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
|
|
|
Mostly to a better direction |
24.2 |
27.2 |
30.2 |
32.9 |
39.5 |
41.7 |
35.8 |
|
|
Mostly to a worse direction |
6.6 |
11.0 |
8.5 |
5.7 |
5.4 |
3.6 |
5.9 |
|
|
To both directions |
52.4 |
48.0 |
41.5 |
45.7 |
36.0 |
45.3 |
43.1 |
|
|
Not experienced turning points |
16.7 |
13.8 |
19.8 |
15.7 |
19.2 |
9.3 |
15.2 |
|
|
Total (N) |
100 (227) |
100
(246) |
100
(212) |
100
(210) |
100
(709) |
100
(664) |
100
(2,268) |
|
Note. p < .001.
Table 2. Experienced turning points
in life by education and marital status, %. Cohort born 1945 - 50.
|
|
To
better direction |
To
worse direction |
To
both directions |
No
turning points |
Total
(N) |
|
Vocational Education |
|
|
|
|
|
|
None |
25.7 |
9.8 |
40.1 |
24.4 |
100 (409) |
|
Vocational school |
32.2 |
7.3 |
45.1 |
15.3 |
100 (288) |
|
College |
35.6 |
6.2 |
44.4 |
13.8 |
100 (340) |
|
University |
35.8 |
2.2 |
48.6 |
13.4 |
100 (134) |
|
Total |
31.3 |
7.3 |
43.6 |
17.8 |
100 (1,171) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Marital
status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Unmarried |
19.2 |
17.9 |
37.2 |
25.6 |
100 (78) |
|
Married |
36.1 |
5.5 |
36.2 |
20.2 |
100 (798) |
|
Cohabiting |
25.6 |
6.4 |
53.6 |
14.4 |
100 (125) |
|
Divorced |
20.9 |
9.8 |
62.6 |
6.7 |
100 (163) |
|
Widowed |
22.6 |
12.9 |
61.3 |
3.2 |
100 (31) |
|
Total |
31.5 |
7.2 |
43.7 |
17.7 |
100 (1,195) |
Note. p < .001 for both crosstabs.
Table 3. Distribution of the positive turning points according to their
importance
|
|
%
|
N
|
The most important positive turning points
|
|
|
|
Couple relations (falling in love, getting
married) |
38.8 |
663 |
|
Having children |
20.7 |
355 |
|
Success in studies or work |
28.3 |
485 |
|
Housing |
12.2 |
208 |
|
Total |
100 |
1,711 |
|
|
|
|
The second important positive turnings points
|
|
|
|
Couple relations (falling in love, getting
married) |
22.1 |
299 |
|
Having children |
35.4 |
479 |
|
Success in studies or work |
27.1 |
367 |
|
Housing |
15.4 |
208 |
|
Total |
100 |
1,353 |
|
|
|
|
The third important positive turning points
|
|
|
|
Couple relations (falling in love, getting
married) |
16.6 |
129 |
|
Having children |
25.7 |
200 |
|
Success in studies or work |
34.2 |
266 |
|
Housing |
23.4 |
182 |
|
Total |
100 |
777 |
Table
4. The most important positive turning points in life by gender and
generations, %
|
|
Couple
relations |
Having
children |
Success
in studies/work |
Housing |
Total
(N) |
|
Gender |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Men |
42.1 |
14.5 |
31.4 |
12.0 |
100 (799) |
|
Women |
36.1 |
26.1 |
25.7 |
12.2 |
100 (912) |
|
Total |
38.9 |
20.7 |
28.3 |
12.1 |
100 (1,711) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Generation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
- 1944 |
46.0 |
16.3 |
26.5 |
11.2 |
100 (313) |
|
1945 - 50 |
41.1 |
18.5 |
28.3 |
12.1 |
100 (297) |
|
1951 - |
36.2 |
22.6 |
28.8 |
12.4 |
100 (1,101) |
|
Total |
38.9 |
20.7 |
28.3 |
12.1 |
100 (1,711) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
‘Short’ birthcohorts |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1939 - 44 |
45.0 |
17.8 |
25.2 |
11.9 |
100 (202) |
|
1945 - 50 |
41.1 |
18.5 |
28.3 |
12.9 |
100 (297) |
|
1951 - 56 |
42.0 |
25.1 |
19.8 |
13.0 |
100 (338) |
|
Total |
42.4 |
21.0 |
24.1 |
12.4 |
100 (837) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Biological
(conse- cutive)
generations |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1945 - 50 |
41.1 |
18.5 |
28.3 |
12.1 |
100 (297) |
|
1965 - 70 |
32.4 |
20.7 |
35.3 |
11.7 |
100 (309) |
|
Total |
36.6 |
19.6 |
31.8 |
11.9 |
100 (606) |
Note. Gender p < .001; generation p < .05;
‘short’ birthcohorts p = .12; biological generations p = .12.
Table
5. The most important positive turning points in life by education, class
position, and domicile, %
|
|
Couple
relations |
Having
children |
Success
in studies/work |
Housing |
Total
(N) |
|
Vocational education |
|
|
|
|
|
|
None |
42.1 |
24.4 |
16.4 |
17.1 |
100 (385) |
|
Vocational school |
45.5 |
22.9 |
22.1 |
9.6 |
100 (407) |
|
College |
36.5 |
22.6 |
31.0 |
9.8 |
100 (583) |
|
University |
29.7 |
9.2 |
47.9 |
13.2 |
100 (305) |
|
Total |
38.8 |
20.7 |
28.5 |
12.0 |
100 (1,680) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Class position
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Worker |
41.7 |
23.0 |
21.8 |
13.6 |
100 (487) |
|
Lower white collar |
36.8 |
22.8 |
28.9 |
11.5 |
100 (740) |
|
Upper white collar |
36.0 |
11.7 |
41.3 |
10.9 |
100 (358) |
|
Total |
38.1 |
20.4 |
29.5 |
12.0 |
100 (1,585) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Domicile |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Center of a city |
30.8 |
13.6 |
37.4 |
18.2 |
100 (302) |
|
Suburb |
36.5 |
21.8 |
30.1 |
11.6 |
100 (748) |
|
Densely built area |
43.8 |
23.2 |
21.8 |
11.2 |
100 (340) |
|
Rural area |
47.7 |
22.5 |
22.5 |
7.4 |
100 (285) |
|
Total |
38.9 |
20.7 |
28.4 |
12.0 |
100 (1,675) |
Note. All three crosstabs p < .001.
Table 6. Distribution of the negative turning points according to their
importance
|
|
%
|
N
|
The most important negative turning points
|
|
|
|
Divorce |
24.9 |
308 |
|
Death or illness of relatives |
32.6 |
403 |
|
(Own) illness or injury |
17.2 |
213 |
|
Economic problems |
25.3 |
312 |
|
Total |
100 |
1,236 |
|
|
|
|
The second important negative turning points
|
|
|
|
Divorce |
18.9 |
99 |
|
Death or illness of relatives |
34.1 |
179 |
|
(Own) illness or injury |
18.7 |
98 |
|
Economic problems |
28.3 |
149 |
|
Total |
100 |
525 |
|
|
|
|
The third important negative turning points
|
|
|
|
Divorce |
17.6 |
30 |
|
Death or illness of relatives |
27.1 |
46 |
|
(Own) illness or injury |
19.4 |
33 |
|
Economic problems |
35.9 |
61 |
|
Total |
100 |
170 |
Table
7. The most important negative turning points in life by gender and
generations, %
|
|
Divorce |
Death/illness of
relatives |
(Own)
illness |
Economic problems |
Total
(N) |
|
Generation
and gender |
|
|
|
|
|
|
- 1944 men |
17.4 |
23.5 |
35.6 |
23.5 |
100 (149) |
|
- 1944 women |
15.5 |
52.3 |
21.9 |
10.3 |
100 (155) |
|
1945 - 50 men |
24.8 |
20.5 |
19.7 |
35.0 |
100 (117) |
|
1945 - 50 women |
27.1 |
36.8 |
15.8 |
21.9 |
100 (133) |
|
1951 - men |
32.2 |
25.0 |
15.8 |
27.1 |
100 (292) |
|
1951 - women |
25.4 |
36.2 |
9.0 |
29.3 |
100 (389) |
|
Total |
24.9 |
32.6 |
17.2 |
25.3 |
100 (1,235) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
‘Short’ birthcohorts |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1939 - 44 |
17.1 |
36.9 |
28.9 |
17.1 |
100 (189) |
|
1945 - 50 |
25.9 |
29.1 |
17.9 |
27.1 |
100 (251) |
|
1951 - 56 |
24.3 |
29.4 |
15.0 |
31.3 |
100 (214) |
|
Total |
22.9 |
31.4 |
20.1 |
25.6 |
100 (652) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Biological
(conse- cutive)
generations |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1945 - 50 |
25.9 |
29.1 |
17.9 |
27.1 |
100 (251) |
|
1965 - 70 |
29.6 |
29.0 |
10.7 |
30.8 |
100 (169) |
|
Total |
27.4 |
29.0 |
15.0 |
28.6 |
100 (420) |
Note. Generation and gender, and ‘short’
birthcohorts p < .001; biological p = .21.
Table
8. The most important negative turning points in life by education, social
class, and monthly income, %
|
|
Divorce |
Death/illness of
relatives |
(Own)
illness |
Economic problems |
Total
(N) |
General education
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Elementary school |
19.3 |
31.7 |
22.6 |
26.4 |
100 (420) |
|
Middle school |
27.8 |
31.8 |
16.3 |
24.2 |
100 (418) |
|
Matriculation
examination |
27.8 |
34.1 |
13.0 |
25.1 |
100 (378) |
|
Total |
24.8 |
32.5 |
17.4 |
25.2 |
100 (1,216) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Class position
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Worker |
29.8 |
28.1 |
15.3 |
26.9 |
100 (242) |
|
Lower white collar |
26.1 |
36.2 |
14.5 |
23.2 |
100 (495) |
|
Upper white collar |
22.3 |
31.5 |
18.6 |
27.6 |
100 (381) |
|
Total |
25.6 |
32.8 |
16.1 |
25.5 |
100 (1,118) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Monthly income
(FIM)
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
under 5,000 |
28.0 |
20.2 |
23.2 |
28.6 |
100 (168) |
|
5,000 – 8,999 |
25.4 |
32.9 |
13.5 |
28.2 |
100 (319) |
|
9,000 – 14,999 |
23.0 |
34.7 |
16.6 |
25.7 |
100 (495) |
|
Over 15,000 |
26.7 |
36.7 |
20.0 |
16.7 |
100 (240) |
|
Total |
25.0 |
32.7 |
17.3 |
25.0 |
100 (1,222) |
Note. Education p < .01; class position p = .09;
monthly income p < .001.
Figure 1. Negative turning points
related to economic problems by class position and gender, %. Cohort born 1945
– 50.
Figure 2. Negative turning points
related to divorce by class position and gender, %. Cohort born 1945 – 50.
Figure 3. The timing
of the most important positive turning points by generation
Table 9. Age when the positive
turning points in life took place according to their importance, generation,
and gender
|
|
-
1944 |
1945
- 50 |
1951
- |
Total |
||||
|
|
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
|
|
The mostimportant |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mean age |
31.7 |
31.5 |
30.0 |
29.5 |
26.5 |
25.6 |
27.7 |
|
|
Std. |
11.2 |
12.1 |
9.2 |
9.8 |
6.1 |
5.3 |
8.2 |
|
|
N |
177 |
183 |
158 |
173 |
532 |
615 |
1,839 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The secondimportant |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mean age |
34.4 |
33.8 |
32.3 |
33.1 |
28.5 |
28.7 |
30.3 |
|
|
Std. |
9.5 |
10.6 |
8.8 |
9.4 |
5.7 |
5.8 |
7.7 |
|
|
N |
133 |
133 |
99 |
127 |
403 |
516 |
1,412 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The thirdimportant |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mean age |
43.4 |
43.5 |
36.6 |
38.4 |
29.9 |
31.8 |
34.5 |
|
|
Std. |
10.3 |
11.5 |
8.5 |
9.5 |
6.1 |
6.4 |
9.3 |
|
|
N |
75 |
84 |
60 |
81 |
230 |
312 |
841 |
|
Note. The differences in means are
significant at the level p < .001 in all three cases.
Figure 4. The timing of the most
important positive turning points by gender. Cohort born 1945 – 50.
Figure 5. The timing of the positive
turning points. Cohort born 1945 – 50.
Figure 6. The timing of the positive
turning points. Cohort born 1951- .
Table 10. Age when the positive
turning points in life took place by generation and gender
|
|
-
1944 |
1945
- 50 |
1951
- |
Total |
||||
|
|
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
Men |
Women |
|
|
Couple relations |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mean age |
31.0 |
28.8 |
29.4 |
30.9 |
27.5 |
27.6 |
28.4 |
|
|
Std. |
11.0 |
8.8 |
8.9 |
10.2 |
5.8 |
7.4 |
8.0 |
|
|
95 |
87 |
77 |
87 |
301 |
329 |
976 |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Having children
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mean age |
29.4 |
30.5 |
29.6 |
29.1 |
29.1 |
27.4 |
28.6 |
|
|
Std. |
8.9 |
9.9 |
7.7 |
8.7 |
4.8 |
7.2 |
7.3 |
|
|
N |
60 |
77 |
53 |
84 |
238 |
349 |
862 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Success instudies or work |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mean age |
32.7 |
34.6 |
32.5 |
35.3 |
29.9 |
30.4 |
31.4 |
|
|
Std. |
10.5 |
12.0 |
11.3 |
11.1 |
9.4 |
8.9 |
10.0 |
|
|
N |
71 |
71 |
65 |
72 |
267 |
309 |
855 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Housing
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mean age |
36.6 |
35.2 |
34.1 |
34.5 |
27.5 |
28.9 |
30.9 |
|
|
Std. |
10.3 |
10.3 |
7.3 |
9.8 |
6.5 |
6.7 |
8.6 |
|
|
N |
55 |
56 |
38 |
52 |
148 |
186 |
535 |
|
Note. The differences in means are
significant at the level p < .001 in all four cases.
Figure 7. The timing of the most important
negative turning points by generation
Figure 8. The timing of the most
important negative turning points by gender. Cohort born 1945 – 50.
Figure 9. The timing of the negative
turning points. Cohort born 1945 – 50.
Figure 10. Distribution of
subjective generations by birthcohorts
|
|
Do not
belong |
Postwar generation |
Baby
boomers |
60’s generation |
Gen. of
welfare |
Total
|
|
Experienced turning
points |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Mostly to a
better direction |
37.5 |
25.2 |
29.2 |
35.1 |
50.9 |
26.1 |
|
Mostly to a
worse direction |
6.2 |
8.9 |
6.5 |
4.4 |
1.9 |
5.7 |
|
To both
directions |
36.9 |
51.9 |
48.1 |
46.2 |
39.2 |
42.1 |
|
No turning
points at all |
19.3 |
14.0 |
16.2 |
14.2 |
7.9 |
16.0 |
|
Total (N) |
100 (858) |
100 (214) |
100 (370) |
100 (225) |
100 (265) |
100 (1,932) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Positive turning
points |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Couple relations |
34.8 |
42.9 |
46.4 |
27.3 |
47.8 |
39.0 |
|
Having children |
24.1 |
16.0 |
17.4 |
23.5 |
14.3 |
20.3 |
|
Studies/work |
27.0 |
35.9 |
23.2 |
33.7 |
29.1 |
28.4 |
|
Housing |
14.1 |
5.1 |
13.0 |
15.5 |
8.7 |
12.3 |
|
Total (N) |
100 (601) |
100 (156) |
100 (276) |
100 (187) |
100 (230) |
100 (1,450) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Negative turning points |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Divorce |
30.0 |
16.3 |
23.1 |
25.9 |
22.2 |
25.0 |
|
Death/illness of
relatives |
30.2 |
37.6 |
33.3 |
29.5 |
29.9 |
31.8 |
|
(Own) illness |
12.4 |
28.4 |
19.2 |
18.7 |
16.7 |
17.5 |
|
Economic
problems |
27.4 |
17.7 |
24.4 |
25.9 |
31.3 |
25.7 |
Total
(N) |
100 (387) |
100 (141) |
100 (234) |
100 (139) |
100 (144) |
100 (1,045) |